Smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity: a 13-year longitudinal study ranging from adolescence into adulthood.

PURPOSE: To assess the associations among smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity, and to assess how the health behaviors predict changes in other health behaviors from adolescence to adulthood. METHODS: Subjects were the participants of the North Karelia Youth Project study from six schools in Eastern Finland. At the baseline in 1978 they were 13-year-olds (n = 903) and in the last of the six surveys in 1993 they were 28-year-olds. This study uses the data from three surveys in which the participants were 15-, 21-, and 28-year olds. The response rate was 71% in the last survey. Data were analysed by SPSS software. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence was highest at the age of 21 years and alcohol use at the age of 28 years. The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity did not change much over time. Smoking and alcohol use correlated positively for each survey. Smoking correlated negatively with leisure-time physical activity. The best predictors for each health behavior were the same behaviors measured before, but smoking had the strongest level of continuity. In addition, alcohol use at the age of 15 years predicted smoking at the ages of 21 years and 28 years, but smoking in adolescence did not predict alcohol use in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was associated with both alcohol use and physical activity and therefore has a central role among health behaviors. Smoking and alcohol use were particularly clearly related from adolescence to adulthood. Smoking behavior was the most constant behavior.     

Treating Fragile X syndrome with the diuretic bumetanide: a case report

We report that daily administration of the diuretic NKCC1 chloride co‐transporter, bumetanide, reduces the severity of autism in a 10‐year‐old Fragile X boy using CARS, ADOS, ABC, RDEG and RRB before and after treatment. In keeping with extensive clinical use of this diuretic, the only side effect was a small hypokalaemia. A double‐blind clinical trial is warranted to test the efficacy of bumetanide in FRX. Conclusion: This single case report showed an improvement of the scores of each test used after 3 months of treatment. Double‐blind clinical trials are warranted to test the efficacy of bumetanide in FRX.     

Relationship between ventilatory function and age in master athletes and a sedentary reference population

Ageing is accompanied with a decline in respiratory function. It is hypothesised that this may be attenuated by high physical activity levels. We performed spirometry in master athletes (71 women; 84 men; 35–86 years) and sedentary people (39 women; 45 men; 24–82 years), and calculated the predicted lung age (PLA). The negative associations of age with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁; 34 mL·year^?1) and other ventilatory parameters were similar in controls and master athletes. FEV_1pred was 9 % higher (P?<?0.005) and PLA 15 % lower (P?=?0.013) in athletes than controls. There were no significant differences between endurance and power athletes and sedentary people in maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure. Neither age-graded performance nor weekly training hours were significantly related to lung age. Life-long exercise does not appear to attenuate the age-related decrease in ventilatory function. The better respiratory function in master athletes than age-matched sedentary people might be due to self-selection and attrition bias.