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71.
Bass CE Griffin G Grier M Mahadevan A Razdan RK Martin BR 《Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior》2002,74(1):31-40
The central cannabinoid receptor (CB(1)) antagonist, SR-141716A, has been used extensively to ascertain that cannabinoids interact with the CB(1) receptor. SR-141716A has been shown to produce effects opposite of cannabinoids when administered alone. It has been theorized that SR-141716A may act as an inverse agonist at the CB(1) receptor or by disinhibiting an endogenous cannabinoid tone. In an effort to ascertain the exact interaction between SR-141716A and the CB(1) receptor, we have conducted a structure-activity relationship study to compare CB(1) receptor affinity of SR-141716A analogs with their ability to produce an increase in locomotor activity. SR-141716A produced a significant increase in locomotor activity in mice within the first hour of administration. Twenty SR-141716A analogs from five different chemical series were also tested. Our data implicate particular regions of the SR-141716A molecule that may be involved in stimulation and depression of locomotor activity. When the K(I) of the analogs was plotted against the percent stimulation that each analog produced, it is evident that there is no correlation between the ability of the analogs to stimulate locomotor activity and their affinity for the CB(1) receptor. [35S]GTPgammaS binding data indicate that SR-141716A and five of the analogs are inverse agonists. However, none of the analogs demonstrating inverse agonism produce stimulation of locomotor activity. It is therefore concluded that the SR-141716A-induced stimulation in locomotor activity is not the result of inverse agonist activity at the CB(1) receptor or by disinhibition of an endogenous tone. 相似文献
72.
Munsiff SS Bassoff T Nivin B Li J Sharma A Bifani P Mathema B Driscoll J Kreiswirth BN 《Emerging infectious diseases》2002,8(11):1230-1238
From January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1997, we reviewed records of all New York City patients who had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB); we performed insertion sequence (IS) 6110-based DNA genotyping on the isolates. Secondary genotyping was performed for low IS6110 copy band strains. Patients with identical DNA pattern strains were considered clustered. From 1995 through 1997, MDRTB was diagnosed in 241 patients; 217 (90%) had no prior treatment history, and 166 (68.9%) were born in the United States or Puerto Rico. Compared with non-MDRTB patients, MDRTB patients were more likely to be born in the United States, have HIV infection, and work in health care. Genotyping results were available for 234 patients; 153 (65.4%) were clustered, 126 (82.3%) of them in eight clusters of >or=4 patients. Epidemiologic links were identified for 30 (12.8%) patients; most had been exposed to patients diagnosed before the study period. These strains were likely transmitted in the early 1990 s when MDRTB outbreaks and tuberculosis transmission were widespread in New York. 相似文献
73.
Hyperhomocysteinemia,and low intakes of folic acid and vitamin B12 in urban North India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Misra A Vikram NK Pandey RM Dwivedi M Ahmad FU Luthra K Jain K Khanna N Devi JR Sharma R Guleria R 《European journal of nutrition》2002,41(2):68-77
Summary
Background and Aim An adverse coronary risk profile has been reported amongst rural-to-urban migrant population living in urban slums undergoing
stressful socio-economic transition. These individuals are likely to have low intakes of folic acid and vitamin B12, which
may have an adverse impact on serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy). To test this hypothesis, we studied serum levels of Hcy
in subjects living in an urban slum of North India and healthy subjects from urban non-slum area. Methods Group I consisted of 46 subjects (22 males and 24 females) living in an urban slum, while group II consisted of healthy subjects
(n = 26, 13 males and 13 females) living in the adjacent non-slum area. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical profile (fasting
blood glucose, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol)
and fasting serum levels of Hcy were measured. Dietary intakes of folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B1, and iron were calculated
by the 24-hour dietary recall method. Serum levels of Hcy were correlated with dietary intakes of nutrients, anthropometry,
and metabolic variables. Results Sex-adjusted serum levels of Hcy in mmol/L (Mean ± SD) were high, though statistically comparable, in both the groups (group
I: 20.8 ± 5.9 and group II: 23.2 ± 5.9). Overall, higher than normal serum levels of Hcy (> 15 μmol/L) were recorded in 84
% of the subjects. A substantial proportion of subjects in both groups had daily nutrient intakes below that recommended for
the Asian Indian population (folic acid: 93.4 % in group I and 96.7 % in group II, vitamin B12: 76.1 % in group I and 88.4
% in group II). However, between the two groups, average daily dietary intakes of both the nutrients were statistically comparable.
As compared to non-vegetarians, vegetarians showed lower intakes of folic acid (p < 0.01) and vitamin B12 (p < 0.01) in both
groups. On multivariate linear regression analysis with serum Hcy as the response variable and vegetarian/non-vegetarian status
and sex (male/female) as predictor variables, higher serum levels of Hcy were observed in vegetarians vs non-vegetarians (β
= 4.6, p < 0.05) and males vs females (β = 5.3, p < 0.01). Conclusions Low intakes of folic acid and vitamin B12, and hyperhomocysteinemia, in both the healthy population living in urban slums
and adjacent urban non-slum areas, are important observations for the prevention of nutritional and cardiovascular diseases
in the Indian subcontinent.
Received: 30 October 2001, Accepted: 14 January 2002 相似文献
74.
Rantala M Silaste ML Tuominen A Kaikkonen J Salonen JT Alfthan G Aro A Kesäniemi YA 《The Journal of nutrition》2002,132(10):3012-3017
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a HDL-associated enzyme, may protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Serum PON1 activity and PON1-mediated capacity of HDL to prevent lipoprotein oxidation are modulated by two common polymorphisms at positions 192 (Gln-->Arg) and 55 (Leu-->Met) of the PON1 gene. We studied the effect of dietary modifications on PON1 activity and the role of PON1 gene polymorphisms in the response. A controlled, crossover dietary intervention of two 5-wk periods was conducted in 37 healthy, nonsmoking women. The two study diets were either low or high in vegetables, and thus in natural antioxidants, with some differences in fatty acid contents. The mean plasma total (-8%, P < 0.001), LDL (-7%, P < 0.01) and HDL (-7%, P < 0.001%) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I (-8%, P < 0.001) concentrations were lower after the high vegetable diet period than after the low vegetable diet period. Also, the serum PON1 activity was lower (P < 0.05) after the high vegetable compared with the low vegetable diet period. The reduction of PON1 activity correlated with the reduction in HDL cholesterol (r = 0.35, P < 0.05). High baseline PON1 activity was related to the presence of the PON1(192Arg) allele (P < 0.001) and PON1(55Leu/Leu) genotype (P < 0.001). The reduction of PON1 activity due to the high vegetable diet was greatest among the women with the PON1(192Arg) allele (P < 0.05) and PON1(55Leu/Leu) genotype (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a diet high in vegetables, berries and fruit reduces PON1 activity, and the response is modulated by the genetic variance of PON1. 相似文献
75.
76.
Eija Peltonen Pirjo-Liisa Lukinmaa Carin Sahlberg Anna-Maija Partanen Anu Kiukkonen Satu Alaluusua 《Toxicological sciences》2006,92(1):279-285
Clinical studies suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy can reduce the crown size of the child's teeth. Delayed dental age compared with chronological age has also been reported in children whose parents smoke. Among the main components of tobacco smoke are nonhalogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are highly toxic. Humans are exposed to PAH compounds mainly via tobacco smoke and diet. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of PAHs on tooth formation and the function of tooth-forming cells. We exposed mouse (NMRI) E18 mandibular first and second molar explants to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), a toxic PAH compound, in organ culture for 7 or 12 days. DMBA concentrations used were 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 microM. The mesiodistal width of each first molar (12-day culture) was measured in stereomicroscopic images, and the teeth were analysed histologically. DMBA exposure significantly reduced the mesiodistal width of the first molars. DMBA impaired or delayed amelogenesis and dentinogenesis in both molars at the lowest concentration of 0.1 microM. DMBA affected enamel formation more severely than dentin formation and occasionally prevented amelogenesis completely. Elongation and polarization of ameloblasts were impaired, and blood vessel architecture of the dental papilla (future pulp) was altered. Cusps were thin and sharp. In line with the finding that maternal smoking during pregnancy has an adverse effect on child's tooth development, this study shows the toxic influence of PAHs on tooth development in vitro. 相似文献
77.
Anu Katainen M.Soc.Sc. Researcher 《Critical public health》2006,16(4):295-305
It has been argued that with the decline in the prevalence of smoking, a number of the remaining smokers have become more resilient to health-promotion efforts. In this article, the justifications of smoking in web discussions are analysed, concentrating on perceptions of risk. While previous research concerning lay knowledge has brought out ambivalent meanings of the concept, smoking as a well-known health risk provides an excellent example for studying counter-reactions to current health discourses. Analysis shows the similarities between justifications of smoking and current health ideologies: argumentation stressed personal responsibility and self-management. However, following rules and health recommendations was juxtaposed with ideals of the autonomous, competent individual. While argumentation reflected the basic principles of the imperative of health, a challenging feature emerged through the accounts that disregarded risk. It is suggested that disregard of risks represents a real challenge for the imperative of health by ignoring the notions of autonomy and competence. 相似文献
78.
79.
Wolf HK Kuulasmaa K Tolonen H Sans S Molarius A Eastwood BJ;WHO MONICA Project 《European journal of epidemiology》2005,20(4):293-299
Sample surveys are used to investigate occurrence and determinants of diseases in populations. Their reliability is influenced by quality of sampling frame and response rate. We investigated relationship between sampling frame type and response rates and assessed their impact on non-response bias, using data from the WHO MONICA Project, where 37 centres in 20 countries conducted sample surveys, employing the best locally available sampling frame. Sampling frames fell into three categories: Population registers (PR), electoral registers (ER), and health care registers (HR). Response rate (rrs) was factored into components reflecting quality of sampling frame (contact rate cr) and characterizing willingness of sample members to participate (enrolment rate er). The mean quality score for the sampling frames was 92 for PR, 87 for HR and 85 for ER; they contributed on average 23, 20, and 26 to the respective non-response rates. For all frame types and both sexes the lowest quality score occurred in the age group 35–44, suggesting a reduced ability to track migration of a highly mobile population group. The patterns in the age/sex distribution of er indicate at least for males in PR and females in HR a potential for non-response bias. Estimation of non-response bias through an abbreviated questionnaire failed because of low item response. We found that contact rate characterizes sampling frame quality. For all frame types it had a major influence on response rate. It is likely that low er and low cr cause different kind of bias, requiring different measures to minimize their effects.for the WHO MONICA Project** Sites and key personnel of the WHO MONICA Project are found at http://www.ktl.fi/publications/monica/rr_sframe/appendix.htm 相似文献
80.
Hearing loss associated with high-voltage electric shock is a rare entity and minimal information is available in the current literature about this condition. To our knowledge, this article represents the first case report in the literature of improvement in sensorineural hearing loss sustained due to a high-voltage electric shock. A case report of a patient who incurred various otologic problems, including hearing loss and tinnitus, is presented. An improvement in hearing loss and tinnitus was observed in the subsequent follow up after one month. Audiological findings and possible pathophysiology of hearing loss are discussed. We recommend that further studies be done to investigate the incidence, severity and pathophysiology of hearing loss in such cases. 相似文献