Estradiol and tryptophan depletion interact to modulate cognition in menopausal women.

Despite an abundance of data in animals, there is little research in humans regarding how estrogen and serotonin (5-HT) may interact to influence cognition. Through the use of estrogen treatment (ET) and tryptophan depletion (TRP-D) in a within-subject design involving healthy menopausal women, we have manipulated both estrogen and 5-HT in order to evaluate their individual and joint effects. Although neither manipulation influenced visuospatial learning, a significant interaction suggested that estrogen exerted a protective effect on verbal memory, such that TRP-D impaired performance to a greater extent before the administration of ET. In consonance with this finding, ET was associated with a small, but positive mood effect on the day following active TRP-D. In addition, ET significantly improved letter-cued verbal fluency with and without TRP-D. Finally, time since last menstrual period was significantly associated with verbal memory scores, such that longer length of hypogonadism resulted in decreased verbal memory performance. These data support the interaction of estrogen and 5-HT in nonreproductive behavior in humans as well as highlight the role of ovarian steroids in cognition.     

Difficulties in localization and treatment of insulinomas in type 1 multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA).

A 15 year old girl with a family history of type 1 multiple endocrine adenomatosis presented with reversible neurological disturbances, hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Initial radiology was normal, but portal venous sampling suggested an insulinoma in the tail of the pancreas which was removed with conservation of the spleen. Hypoglycaemia persisted despite high doses of diazoxide and intravenous dextrose. A second laparotomy revealed a pancreatic endocrine tumour and sub-total pancreatectomy was performed. Histology revealed islet cell microadenomatosis. Hypoglycaemia persisted despite treatment with somatostatin analogues and 40% intravenous dextrose was required to maintain normoglycaemia. A possible lesion near the splenic hilum on computed tomographic scan was reported as a splenunculus although further peripheral, hepatic and portal venous sampling suggested hepatic or systemic lesions. A positron emission scan and selective visceral angiography suggested a lesion in the left upper quadrant. Acute lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis and renal failure supervened. Post mortem revealed the putative ''splenunculus'' to be a residual insulinoma, whilst the splenic vein was thrombosed, accounting in part for discrepant venous sampling data. Hyperinsulinaemia in type 1 multiple endocrine adenomatosis may require more aggressive surgical and hormonal intervention than when dealing with solitary insulinomas. Insulinomas may mimic developmental abnormalities on computed tomographic scanning.     

Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of the syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia Observations on 20 patients

The neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of 20 patients with the syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia are described. The symmetrical nature of the ophthalmoplegia and the associated cerebellar ataxia point to centrally placed lesions. Several supranuclear, nuclear and internuclear ophthalmological signs are identified. Some of these, like partial sparing of the levator palpebrae and normal downgaze in the presence of severe ophthalmoplegia are noted too frequently to be just unusual signs of peripheral oculomotor dysfunction. Other identified features included upper lid retraction on attempted upgaze and preserved Bell's phenomenon in the presence of paralysis of the latter, as well as several other central ophthalmological signs. These findings contrast with those seen in the Guillain-Barré syndrome and, thus, the syndrome of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia is not a mere variant of it.     

Mitral incompetence associated with lipoma infiltrating the mitral valve

A 54 year old man presented with presyncopal symptoms. Echocardiography and subsequently computed tomography showed a mass in the posterior mitral annulus causing incompetence of the valve. At operation a lipoma was found which could not be resected. Mitral incompetence was the result of chordal rupture where the lipoma had engulfed the papillary muscle. The valve was replaced and the patient made an uneventful recovery. This case report shows a potential danger of an otherwise benign lesion.     

The bright pituitary gland--a normal MR appearance in infancy

Signal intensities of the pituitary gland were measured on T1-weighted sagittal MR images of 25 patients younger than 20 years old. We found that the signal intensities in the eight patients who were 8 weeks old or younger were higher (shorter T1) than those in the 17 older patients. We also noted a difference in the signal intensities across the pituitary gland, the signal being higher in the posterior part of the gland than in the anterior part. We attribute the high signal intensities to the rapid intrauterine pituitary growth, so that at term pituitary protein synthetic activity is at a maximum. Possibly, an increase in the bound fraction of the water molecules of the gland may also be present in the neonatal pituitary as compared with the older gland, but this remains to be proved. The higher signal in the posterior pituitary gland may be due to lipid in the pituicyte cells of the posterior pituitary gland.     

Effect of hemodilution on brain tissue during global ischemia

This study evaluates the effect of blood volume and hematocrit changes on brain tissue during temporary global ischemia. Normal saline was administered intravenously to 55 gerbils to achieve hypo-, normo-, and hypervolemic hemodilution and uniform 30% hematocrit reduction. Each group had unilateral carotid artery ligation and temporary (20 minute) contralateral carotid occlusion. After ten days or death, brains were harvested, preserved in formalin, sectioned in a manner which provided adequate samples of both cortex and hippocampus, and stained with H&E and luxol fast blue. They were then examined and staged microscopically for white and gray matter infarction, edema, and neuronal injury and loss. Histologic studies were performed in a randomized and blinded manner and were classified by one of four categories: normal, minimal, moderate, and severe changes. Three of ten (30%) controls survived ten days but had severe neuronal loss, minimal cerebral edema and a minimal to moderate number of white matter strokes. Survival was best in animals treated with hypovolemic hemodilution (43%). Other rates were: normovolemic (33%), controls (30%), and hypervolemic (8.3%). The degree of brain tissue damage was markedly less in the normovolemic group. In this model, normovolemic hemodilution followed by hypovolemic hemodilution offered the best overall cerebral protection during global ischemia.     

The influence of diabetes on free flap transfer: I. Flap survival and microvascular healing.

Although recent clinical case presentations suggest that diabetes does not predispose free tissue transfers to increased risk of failure, this remains an open question. The present study used a syngeneic rat strain (Lewis) for free groin flap transplantations between normal rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (2 months' duration of symptoms), to investigate the influence of diabetes on flap transfer. Flap survival at 1 week, vascular patency, flap histology and ultrastructure, and scanning electron microscopy of anastomotic sites and of corrosion casts of flap vasculature were used as bases for comparison. No differences were found in comparisons of flap survival between any groups of transfer combinations (normal flap onto normal recipient, diabetic flap onto normal recipient, normal flap onto diabetic recipient, and diabetic flap onto diabetic recipient); 100% success was achieved in each group. No differences were found in histology or corrosion casts. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a thickening of the capillary basement membrane in rat diabetic skin after only 8 weeks of symptoms. This ultrastructural finding is consistent with similar capillary basement membrane thickening seen in many other tissues of short- and long-term diabetic animals and humans. Re-endothelialization across the arterial anastomosis at 2 weeks postoperatively was significantly faster in normal versus diabetic animals (p less than 0.05). The predominantly negative findings of this study support the application of free flap transfers in diabetic patients. It is concluded that reconstructive efforts involving free tissue transfer may not be contraindicated in diabetic patients.