机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除加尿流改道术的临床分析

目的 探讨采用da Vinci S机器人系统完成机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除(robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy,RARC)加尿流改道术的临床可行性,并总结技术特点和临床效果. 方法 2007年12月至2012年3月膀胱尿路上皮癌患者22例,男20例,女2例.年龄37～ 72岁,平均62岁.体质指数22.5 ～ 30.1 kg/m2,平均26.1 kg/m2.麻醉评分1～2分.术前肿瘤活检病理诊断为浸润性或高危的非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮痛,术前检查均未发现有其他邻近脏器浸润、盆腔淋巴结转移或远处转移,临床分期均低于T2N0M0.全麻下行RARC加尿流改道术,其中行体外尿流改道术15例(原位新膀胱2例,回肠膀胱术13例),行完全腹腔镜下尿流改道术7例(回肠膀胱术2例,原位新膀胱5例). 结果 本组22例手术均获得成功.手术时间300 ～ 667 min,平均480 min;出血量100 ～ 1200 ml,平均550 ml;淋巴结清扫数目6～ 25枚,平均15枚.术后2～3d下地活动,3～4d肠功能恢复,术后住院时间8～35 d,平均16d.行原位新膀胱的患者术后1个月行膀胱造影确定无吻合口漏后拔除尿管和双侧输尿管支架管.术后随访4 ～ 49个月,平均32个月,复发2例,死亡1例,出现肾积水2例,其余病例肾功能均正常,尿控较满意. 结论 根据初期的手术操作过程和随访结果,RARC加尿流改道术在临床上是可行的.更多的操作经验、长期和随机的对照研究将有助于对这一技术进行评估和推广.     

Amifostine (WR-2721) shortens the engraftment period of 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide-purged bone marrow in breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow support

4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), a commonly used marrow-purging agent, is active against many tumors, but is also toxic to normal marrow progenitors. Amifostine (WR-2721) is a sulfhydryl compound with chemoprotectant activity. Preclinical studies using suspensions of bone marrow and breast cancer cells demonstrated that ex vivo treatment with amifostine followed by 4-HC resulted in protection of marrow progenitors, with no compromise in the antitumor effect of 4-HC. This fact stimulated the development of a clinical trial. Bone marrow was harvested from 15 poor-prognosis breast cancer patients and randomly assigned to ex vivo treatment with amifostine followed by 4-HC (amifostine + 4-HC), or treatment with 4-HC alone. High-dose chemotherapy was then administered followed by infusion of the purged autologous bone marrow support (ABMS). Leukocyte engraftment, defined as a white blood cell count > or = 1 x 10(9)/L, was achieved in an average of 26 days for patients whose marrow was purged with amifostine + 4-HC versus 36 days for patients whose marrow was purged with 4-HC alone (P = .032). The average number of platelet transfusions (12 v 29; P = .017) and days of antibiotic therapy (28 v 40; P = .012) were significantly less for patients whose marrow was exposed to amifostine + 4-HC, compared with 4-HC alone. Unpurged backup marrow fractions were infused into three patients whose marrow was purged with 4-HC alone, because of inadequate marrow recovery. None of the patients who received amifostine + 4-HC-purged marrow required a backup marrow fraction. Complete remissions were achieved in 83% of patients with measurable disease, with no difference between the two cohorts. Forty- three percent of patients remained alive and progression-free at a mean of 13 months posttransplant. There was no significant difference in the rate or pattern of relapse for patients whose marrow was purged with amifostine + 4-HC compared with those whose marrow was purged with 4-HC alone. Ex vivo treatment of marrow with amifostine significantly shortens the time to marrow recovery, thereby reducing the risk of myelosuppressive complications in breast cancer patients receiving high- dose chemotherapy and 4-HC-purged ABMS. Since supportive care requirements are also significantly decreased, amifostine may reduce the cost of such therapy.     

社会主义核心价值体系融入医学生医德教育的伦理诉求

医德修养和医德品质是医务人员必备的思想品质,是和谐医患关系的道德前提。以社会主义核心价值体系为指导,把社会主义核心价值体系融入医德教育中,是帮助医学生树立崇高的医德理想、明确医德追求、继承医德传统、锤炼医德品质和提升医德修养的重要途径和方法。     

颅底外面枕骨基底部及周边骨性结构的测量和临床意义

目的为斜坡区肿瘤手术提供解剖资料。方法20例整颅,10例行水平切面,10例行正中矢状切面。测量切牙孔、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、枕骨大孔前端、枕髁前端、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节的距离;测量卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至正中线的距离;测量枕骨基底部颅底外面的长径、枕骨大孔纵径(FML)、枕骨大孔前正中点与枕髁后缘连线垂直距离(AOCP)、枕髁轴径(OCA)、枕髁间距。结果切牙孔后缘、前鼻棘、后鼻棘、枕骨大孔前端、枕髁前端、卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管外口及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至咽结节的距离分别为(mm):72.12±4.25、77.77±3.89、33.73±2.07、13.14±1.91、15.71±1.74、27.51±2.12、15.98±1.98、25.93±2.23、19.15±1.49。卵圆孔、破裂孔、颈动脉管及舌下神经管外口的内侧缘至中线的距离分别为:25.55±1.63、11.72±1.70、25.75±1.98、17.41±1.41。枕骨基底部颅底外面长径、FML、AOCP、OCA、枕髁间距分别为(mm):28.80±2.67、35.84±2.59、17.10±1.13、24.55±2.35、21.07±1.92。结论经口咽至斜坡区的手术入路中,开骨窗时安全范围是以咽结节为中心,以15mm为半径做斜坡磨除;也可以做矩形骨窗,即以咽结节为中心开一长(高)25mm×宽20mm的骨窗。     

慢性低氧时小鼠肺组织低氧诱导因子-1α的表达

目的：研究低氧时小鼠肺组织中低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-k)表达的变化。方法：实验用雄性小鼠,低氧仓浓度分别为10％、7％、5％。用免疫荧光组织化学技术及共聚焦显微术,检测小鼠在低氧条件下肺组织中HIF-1α表达的变化。结果：正常组小鼠肺组织HIF-1α无表达,低氧组HIF-1α表达增加,且随低氧时间的延长及低氧强度的增加而增强。结论：低氧可诱导小鼠肺组织中HIF-1α的表达增强,(HIF-k)可能参与肺组织细胞凋亡的发生。     

乌审旗3000名妇女宫颈癌筛查结果分析

目的：了解乌审旗妇女宫颈癌及癌前病变的发病现状,探讨子宫颈液基细胞学（Thinprep paptest,TCT）结合阴道镜检查的诊断价值。方法：对3 000名乌审旗妇女进行TCT筛查,对TCT阳性（细胞学TBS分类为不典型鳞状细胞以上）的妇女进行阴道镜及镜下多点活组织检查（活检）,分析TCT阳性者的阴道镜检查及活检结果,比较TCT阳性者中不同年龄段患者的活检结果。结果：3 000名受检者中,TCT阳性537例（17.9%）,其中经活检证实为宫颈上皮内瘤变（cervical intraepthelial neoplasia,CIN）190例（6.3%）,宫颈浸润癌2例（0.07%）,537例TCT阳性者中,阴道镜检查正常264例（49.2%）,其中活检结果为CIN34例,阴道镜的假阴性率为12.9%,异常273例（50.8%）,其中活检结果为湿疣34例,CIN或浸润癌158例,阴道镜与活检的诊断符合率达70.3%（192/273）。TCT为轻度鳞状上皮内病变、高度鳞状上皮内病变、鳞状细胞癌的病例与活检的诊断符合率分别为50.4%,88.3%和2/2,假阳性率则分别为49.6%、11%和0。537例TCT阳性者中,2030岁组、3140岁组,4147岁组的CIN检出率分别为33.7%、44.5%2、6.7%（P〈0.05）。结论：乌审旗妇女CIN的发生率高,是宫颈癌的高发人群。TCT结合阴道镜检查是较好的宫颈癌筛查手段之一。     

慢性肾小球肾炎伴肾衰患者血清α1肾上腺素受体和抗血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型自身抗体检测结果分析

目的 探讨抗血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型（AT1-受体）、α1-肾上腺素受体（α1-受体）、自身抗体是否与慢性肾小球肾炎（CaN）发病有关。方法 以合成的AT1受体和α1受体多肽片段为抗原，应用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）技术，检测66例CGN患者、58例高血压病患者及柏例正常人血清中抗AT1和α1受体自身抗体。结果 CGN肾功能不全组抗AT1和α1受体抗体阳性率分别为56．1％（37／66）和53．0%（36／66），高于高血压无肾损害组（分别为15．5％和12．1％）及正常对照组（分别为10％和12．5％），P〈0．01。结论 抗G蛋白偶联型受体自身抗体可能与慢性肾小球肾炎发病有关。     

Inactivation of factor XIa in human plasma assessed by measuring factor XIa-protease inhibitor complexes: major role for C1-inhibitor

From experiments with purified proteins, it has been concluded that factor XIa (FXIa) is inhibited in plasma mainly by alpha 1-antitrypsin (a1AT), followed by antithrombin III (ATIII), C1-inhibitor (C1Inh), and alpha 2-antiplasmin (a2AP). However, the validity of this concept has never been studied in plasma. We established the relative contribution of different inhibitors to the inactivation of FXIa in human plasma, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the quantification of complexes of FXIa with a1AT, C1Inh, a2AP, and ATIII. We found that 47% of FXIa added to plasma formed complexes with C1Inh, 24.5% with a2AP, 23.5% with a1AT, and 5% with ATIII. The distribution of FXIa between these inhibitors in plasma was independent of whether FXIa was added to plasma, or was activated endogenously by kaolin, celite, or glass. However, in the presence of heparin (1 or 50 U/mL), C1Inh appeared to be the major inhibitor of FXIa, followed by ATIII. Furthermore, at lower temperatures, less FXIa-C1Inh and FXIa-a1AT complexes but more FXIa-a2AP complexes were formed. These data demonstrate that the contribution of the different inhibitors to inactivation of FXIa in plasma may vary, but C1Inh is the principal inhibitor under most conditions.