恩丹西酮（齐鲁）预防非顺铂化疗所致呕吐的Ⅲ期临床研究

目的改进用药方法,进一步确定恩丹西酮的临床应用价值。方法首次用非顺铂药出现呕吐者为入组对象。再次化疗时,给予恩丹西酮（齐鲁）８ｍｇ静脉注射,每日１次。化疗结束后口服８ｍｇ,每日２次,用１天的简化方法。结果经多中心１９３例患者应用,第１天止吐有效率达９３．３％,对迟发性呕吐也有很好疗效。第１～５天平均呕吐次数为０．４～０．０１。结论本法疗效高,副作用小,且经济方便,更适于临床推广应用。     

Increased prostaglandin H synthase-1 expression and activity level in stably Harvey-ras transfected C3H10T1/2 cells

In these studies, prostaglandin H synthase activity was increased in stably Harvey-ras transfected C3H10T1/2 cells. The level of total prostaglandin H synthase protein was two-fold higher in stably Harvey-ras transfected C3H10T1/2 cells than in control cells with no difference in prostaglandin H synthase-2 level. Prostaglandin H synthase-1 mRNA level was two-fold higher in transfected than in control cells, while prostaglandin H synthase-2 was not significantly different. Thus, prostaglandin H synthase-1, but not prostaglandin H synthase-2, expression was increased in Harvey-ras transfected C3H10T1/2 cells.     

Comparison of topoisomerase I and II expression in primary brain tumor and lung cancer

Topoisomerase I (TOP I) and II (TOP II) activities and their corresponding levels were analyzed in 27 primary brain tumors and 32 lung cancers (28 NSCLC, 4 SCLC). The TOP I and II activities in primary brain tumors varied from 500-2,000 units/mg and 100-3,000 units/mg respectively. Their corresponding levels varied from <0.01-3.30 (TOP I) and 0.24-8.30 (TOP II) arbitrary units. In lung cancer, the TOP I and II activities ranged from 1,000-4,000 and 500-4,000 units/mg respectively with their levels ranging from 0.30-61.60 and 0.2-14.2 arbitrary units respectively. These parameters were compared in both tumors using the Wilcoxon rank sums test, the difference were statically significance for all four parameters with a p<0.0001 for TOP I and II activities and TOP I levels and p<0.09 for TOP II levels. Using linear regression analysis, there was no correlation between TOP I and II activities and their corresponding levels in primary brain tumor. However, in lung cancer, the relationship between TOP I activities and levels were linear with r(2)=0.2 and p<0.0094, but not for TOP II activity and their levels. There was no relationship between TOP I and TOP II levels in the same tumor for both types of cancer. The future clinical implication of these findings are discussed.     

Complete nucleotide sequence of mouse mammary tumor virus from jyg chinese wild mice: Absence of bacterial insertion sequences in the cloned viral gag gene

Mammary tumors of a newly isolated strain of Chinese wild mouse (JYG mouse) harbor exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). The complete nucleotide sequence of exogenous JYG-MMTV was determined on the proviral 5' long terminal repeat (LTR)(partial)-gag-pol-env-3' LTR (partial) fragment cloned into a plasmid vector and the cDNA sequence from JYG-MMTV producing cells. Similarly to the other MMTV species the LTR of JYG-MMTV contains an open reading frame (ORF). The amino acid sequence of the JYG-MMTV ORF resembles that of SW-MMTV (92% identity) and endogenous Mtv-7 (93% identity) especially at the C-terminal region. Thus, a functional similarity in T-cell receptor V beta recognition as a superantigen is implicated among these MMTV species. Analysis of the viral gag nucleotide sequence revealed that this gene is not disrupted by the bacterial insertion sequence IS1 or IS2, which have been reported to be present in the majority of the plasmids containing the gag region. Comparison of amino acid sequences of JYG-MMTV with those of BR6-MMTV showed that over 96% of the amino acids of gag, pol, protease and env products are identical. These results suggest the intact nature of the nucleotide sequence of the near full-length MMTV genome cloned in the plasmid.     

A nerve growth factor from the venom of Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) and its effects on male reproductive system in rats

A nerve growth factor (NGF) was isolated from the venom of Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The N-terminal sequence of 22 amino acid residues was identical with other NGFs previously purified from the venom of the same genus. The NGF monomer molecular weight was estimated to be 13,500 by reducing SDS-PAGE and the isoelectric point was determined to be 7.2 by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. NGF improved the epididymal sperm motility of male rats and increased the pregnancy rate and fetus number of mated female rats. The serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) of male rats administrated NGF + gossypol was lower than that of male rats administrated gossypol. Histological sections of testes and epididymides showed that NGF reduced the destructive effects of gossypol on rat testes.     

Intestinal cytokine response after gut ischemia: role of gut barrier failure

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of intestinal ischemia with and without a reperfusion injury on intestinal cytokine production and gut permeability. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In humans and in animal models, the gut has been implicated as a cytokine-producing organ after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-type injuries. Because of the limitations of in vivo models, it has been difficult to demonstrate directly that the gut releases cytokines after an I/R injury or whether there is a relation between the magnitude of the ischemic process and the cytokine response. METHODS: Ileal mucosal membranes from rats subjected to sham or 45 or 75 min of superior mesenteric occlusion (SMAO) or 45 minutes of SMAO and 30 minutes of reperfusion (SMAO 45/30) were mounted in the Ussing chamber system. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were serially measured in the mucosal and serosal reservoirs of the Ussing system, as was mucosal permeability as reflected by the passage of bacteria or phenol red across the ileal membrane. In a second group of experiments, Escherichia coli C25 was added to the mucosal reservoir to determine if the cytokine response would be increased. RESULTS: Mucosal and serosal levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were equally increased after SMAO, with the highest levels in the 75-minute SMAO group. The highest levels of interleukin-6 were found in rats subjected to 75 minutes of SMAO or SMAO 45/30; the serosal levels of interleukin-6 were four to sixfold higher than the mucosal levels. The addition of E. coli C25 resulted in a significant increase in the amount of interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha recovered from the mucosal reservoir. Increased ileal membrane permeability was observed only in rats subjected to 75 minutes of SMAO or SMAO 45/30. CONCLUSION: These results directly document that the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 released from the gut increase after an ischemic or I/R injury, such as SMAO, and that there is a relation between the magnitude of the gut ischemic or I/R insult and the cytokine response.     

Anatomy of the cervicothoracic junction: a study of cadaveric dissection, cryomicrotomy, and magnetic resonance imaging

The morphologic characteristics of the cervicothoracic junction from C6 to T2 were examined. Gross dissection and cryomicrotomy was performed on 13 fresh cadavers. Four healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Results indicated that vertebral body dimensions do not change appreciably, except for vertebral body heights and medial pedicular angulation, both of which increase from C6 to T2. Based on the findings of gross dissection and cryomicrotomy, the mediolateral width of the spinal canal was largest at C6 to accommodate the larger spinal cord at C6. The cross-sectional area ratios of the spinal cord to spinal canal were 1:2.3 at C6, 1:3.7 at C7, 1:4 at T1, and 1:3.7 at T2. The foraminal height and width were greater at C7-T1 and T1-T2 than at C6-C7. The thinnest lamina was at C7. The anatomy of the pedicles showed that the outer mediolateral diameter averaged 6.78 mm at C6, 7.5 mm at C7, 9.23 mm at T1, and 7.9 mm at T2. The superior-inferior diameter of the pedicle increased from 7.58 mm at C6 to 12.43 mm at T2. Medial angulations decreased from 44.5 at C6 to 23.35 at T2. The coronal angulation of the exiting nerve was 64.83 for C7, 79.83 for C8, and 90.33 for T1 nerve roots based on coronal magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, gross dissection during the anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction revealed that this approach was extensible, allowing access to the anterior aspect of the cervicothoracic spine. Associated vital structures must be protected, such as the arch of aorta, common carotid artery, innominate vein, thoracic duct, recurrent laryngeal nerve, stellate ganglion, trachea, and esophagus.     

Studies on plasma endothelin changes in varicocele patients

Aim: To investigate the possible role endothelin may play in the pathogenesis of varicocele and varicocele-induced infer-tility. Methods: In varicocele patients, radioimmunoassay is used to determine the blood endothelin concentration inthe spermatic vein and the antecubital vein separately. Results: The blood endothelin concentration of the spermaticvein (66.8±23.5 pg/mL) was significantly higher (P <0.05) than that of the antecubital vein (55.3±25.3 pg/mL).The endothelin concentration in the spermatic vein in Grade Ⅱ varicocele patients was not significantly different from thatin Grade Ⅲ patients ( P = 0.87). Conclusion: The higher blood endothelin level in the spermatic vein may indicate theinvolvement of endothelin in the pathophysiology of varicocele and varicocele-induced infertility. (Asian J Androl 1999Sep ; 1: 159 - 160)     

Sialylated human apolipoprotein E (apoEs) is preferentially associated with neuron-enriched cultures from APOE transgenic mice

Mice transgenic for human APOE2, E3, and E4 alleles express native 34-kDa human apoE and two sialylated apoE isoproteins with approximate molecular weights of 37 kDa (apoEs) and 39 kDa (apoEs2) in brain. These multiple apoE/apoEs/apoEs2 band patterns on Western blot are also observed in human brain, but are not seen in wild-type mouse brain. Both the 37-kDa apoEs and 39-kDa apoEs2 are coprecipitated with native 34-kDa apoE by antibody to human apoE. Neuraminidase digestion eliminates the 37- and 39-kDa forms and results in a downward shift in the bands to the position of the 34-kDa native form. These sialylated apoE isoproteins are found preferentially associated with neurons and contribute significantly (50-60%) to the total neuronal apoE in neuronal cultures from transgenic mice, while only 5-10% of total apoE is sialylated in cultures enriched in glial cells. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry demonstrate apoE mRNA and apoE immunoreactivity are predominantly located in cell soma of neurons, not in neuronal processes.     

Cerebral metabolic profile, selective neuron loss, and survival of acute and chronic hyperglycemic rats following cardiac arrest and resuscitation

Cortical metabolites and regional cerebral intracellular pH (pHi) were measured in normoglycemic (NM), acute hyperglycemic (AH), and chronic hyperglycemic (CH, 2 week duration, streptozotocin-induced) Wistar rat brains during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. During total ischemia in AH and CH rats (plasma glucose approximately 30 mM), cortical ATP, PCr, glucose, and glycogen all fell significantly as expected. Lactate levels increased dramatically in association with a concomitant intracellular acidosis. Although lactate reached higher concentrations in AH and CH than NM, pHi was significantly lower only in the AH group. With 5 min of reperfusion, all groups recovered to near baseline in all variables, though lactate remained elevated. In a separate aspect of the study, animals from each experimental group were allowed to recover for 4 days following resuscitation, with outcome being gauged by mortality rate and hippocampal CA1 neuron counts. NM survival rate was significantly better than AH and CH. In particular, no CH rats survived for 4 days despite rapid initial recovery. After 4 days, the AH group had suffered significantly greater CA1 neuron loss than the NM rats. In summary, our research identified differences in intra-ischemic acid-base status in the two hyperglycemic groups, suggesting that chronic hyperglycemia may alter the brain's buffering capacity. These observations may account for differences between acutely and chronically hyperglycemic subjects regarding outcome, and they suggest that factors other than hydrogen ion production during ischemia are responsible for modulating outcome.