中医儿童保健专科建设专家共识

<正>中医儿童保健是中医理论指导下,基于儿童生理病理特点,以中药、针灸、推拿等传统中医的治疗方法为手段,为胎儿到儿童青少年的生长发育、科学喂养、疾病预防、身心发展等提供保障,是现代儿童保健重要组成部分。《素问·四气调神大论》言： “圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱”,“治未病”是中医重要的预防医学思想。在儿童保健中,中医“治未病”显得尤为重要。     

孩子来了个“提前亮”

爱情结晶降临人间，令父母无比兴奋。可是，有些宝宝在妈妈肚子里还没长成，就待不住了，来了个“提前亮”。哎呀，这可难倒了父母。那小不点的，可怎么照顾啊？     

面罩储雾罐经鼻吸入糖皮质激素同步治疗小儿变应性鼻炎并哮喘

Objective To assess the effixacy of a nasally inhaled corticosteroid(ICS) through a spacer with mask aiming at simultaneou treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma in children and make an analysis on the costs.Method A total of 72 children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma were randomized into two groups.Experimental group received budesonide inhaler(400 μg/d) through the nose using a spacer attached to a face mask,control group children orally inhaled budesonide dry powder (400μg/d) plus a nasal spray of budesonide aquae(256μg/d).Result The patients were obsenred for 12 weeks.The symptom scores of rhinitis of both experimental group and control group declined(F=6.529 and 7.014,all P<0.01),symptom scores of asthma in both group were also reduced(F=4.132 and 4.950,P<0.01).The pulmonary function PEF(L/win)in both groups continuously increased(F=2.750 and 3.282,P<0.05).But the clinical scores,PEF value and FEVl all did not differ between the two groups at admission or at nearly all follow-up visits(P>0.05 for all).The proportion of dry nose was lower in experimental group than in the control group(5.6% vs.19.4%),but the difference was not statistically significant.The cost in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(P<0.01).Condusion Nasal inhalation of ICS provides a therapeutic strategy for controlling AR and asthula in children,especially it result in higher compliance,lower costs,and fewer side effects.     

区域性危重新生儿转运系统运作10年的远期效果随访

目的:了解区域性危重新生儿转运系统的远期治疗效果, 更好地优化转运网络和转运手段。方法: 对10年来该院转运的危重新生儿进行大规模的远期随访(共计2 285例, 占转运的患儿人数的49 .41% ), 采用丹佛智力发育量表(DDST)、畸变产物耳声发射测试(DPOAE) 和听性脑干反应(ABR) 对随访儿进行智力、体格发育评估。结果: 绝大部分转运的危重新生儿生长发育正常。在确诊听力障碍的患儿中, 重度窒息3名, 重度HIE6名, 早产儿3名; 出现智力发育障碍69名患儿均有重度窒息, 中、重度HIE病史。对智力发育障碍婴儿全部由该院儿童保健科和神经康复专科医生进行针对性治疗,总异常率由3个月时的14. 52%下降到2岁时的3 .27%, P<0 .01, 有非常显著性差异。结论: 规范的区域性危重新生儿转运系统运作大大改善了转运的危重新生儿的预后和生存质量; 必须在转运过程中尽快稳定病情, 出院后认真进行随访工作, 对随访中存在体格、智力发育障碍的患儿早期进行干预。     

氟康唑预防极低出生体重儿真菌感染

目的 评估氟康唑对极低出生体重儿真菌感染的预防作用.方法 2 007年3～12月入住我院新生儿重症监护病房的极低出生体重儿139例,随机分为预防组70例及对照组69例.所有患儿入院后根据病情给予对症治疗.预防组患儿于生后第8天起给予氟康唑口服治疗,剂量为6 mg·kg-1·d-1·,对照组给予奶粉口服.所有入选患儿用药7 d后停药,继续观察停药后28 d内患儿的各项指标,并定期行直肠真菌培养.结果 预防组6/63例真菌培养阳性,对照组15/64例真菌培养阳性(χ2=4.453,P=0.034).这21例培养阳性病例中,8例在用药后14 d内出现,其中2例为预防组,6例为对照组.另13例为第15～28天培养阳性,其中预防组4例,对照组9例.所有21例培养阳性病例中,念珠菌属占16例(白色念珠菌9例,近平滑念珠菌4例,其他类型念珠菌3例),隐球菌3例,曲霉菌2例.结论 预防性应用氟康唑能显著地降低真菌在直肠的定植,念珠菌属是最常见的定植菌种.有必要对极低出生体重儿采用高危因素评分法筛选其预防性应用氟康唑对象.     

猕猴桃颗粒联合综合干预治疗儿童高铅血症118例观察

目的：观察猕猴桃颗粒联合综合干预对儿童高铅血症的临床疗效。方法：将118例高铅血症患儿随机分为两组,每组59例。两组均给予健康教育、卫生及营养指导,治疗组加用猕猴桃颗粒口服,3个月后复查血铅。结果：118例患儿中,治疗组有2例退出,对照组有8例退出,最后治疗组有57例,对照组有51例,治疗组与对照组的血铅水平均有下降,治疗组平均值（86.95±26.00）,对照组平均值（125.09±23.98）,显效率治疗组较对照组多32.71%,有效率治疗组高出对照组42.83%,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,治疗组改善血铅下降及改善症状的能力明显优于对照组。结论：使用猕猴桃颗粒联合行为指导、营养干预综合治疗儿童高铅血症是一种可行的方法。     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

Objective To explore, the effect of different dosage of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the inci-dence of bronchopulmanary dysplasia. Method Four hundred and three premature infants with hyaline membrane disease were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of PS: low-dose group (L-PS group, ≤ 100 mg/kg, n =188) ,high-dose group(H-PS group, > 100 mg/kg, n = 94) and no-PS group (N-PS group, n = 121). The frac-tional inspired oxygen(FiO2) and ptlmonary oxygenating function before and after 6 hours treatment were observed and the durations of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, frequency of repeated intubafion, length of hospi-talization and the incidence of BPD were compared among the three groups. Results After 6 hours PS administra-tion, the FiO2,oxygen index and duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation were significantly decreased (P <0.05), while PO2 and the arterio-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen were significantly increased (P <0.05)in the H-PS and L-PS groups, compared with the N-PS group. Compared with the L-PS and N-PS groups,the H-PS group showed a decreased incidence of BPD. Conclusions PS administration could improve the pul-monary oxygenation and prevent the development of BPD, especially in high-dose.     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

目的 探讨不同剂量肺表面活性物质(PS)替代治疗早产儿肺透明膜病(HMD)与发生支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的关系.方法 将2005年1月至2007年12月入住本院新生儿科并出现生后进行性呼吸困难且胸片提示考虑诊断为HMD的403例早产儿,依据家属经济条件使用旨剂PS情况分三组进行前瞻性的临床对照研究:低剂量PS组(L-PS组,剂量≤100 mg/kg,n=188)、高剂量PS组(H-PS组,剂量>100mg/kg,n=94)和未使用PS组(N-PS组, n=121);采用自身对照和组间比较观察PS治疗6 h后患儿吸氧浓度(FiO2)、肺部氧合功能,以及三组问观察总氧疗时间、机械通气时间、再次插管机械通气率、住院时间和BPD发生情况.结果 与N-PS组患儿比较,在给予Ps治疗6 h后,L-PS组和H-PS组两组患儿的FiO2,OI明显降低,PO2和a/A PO2比值均明显升高(P<0.05);氧疗时间和机械通气时间均明显缩短,较少发生再次插管机械通气(P<0.05);且以H-PS组患儿改变显著,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).H-PS组患儿BPD发生(11例,11.7%)明显低于N-PS组(29例,24.0%),差异具有统计学意义(F1-3=4.267,P=0.006);L-PS组BPD发牛(34例,18.1%)虽然低于N-PS组,但差异无统计学意义(F1-2=1.354,P=0.062).结论 PS替代治疗能有效地改善肺部氧合功能,减少机械通气时间和再次插管机械通气发生率,且以大剂量(>100mg/kg)的效果更明显,并能有效地预防BPD的发生.     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

Objective To explore, the effect of different dosage of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the inci-dence of bronchopulmanary dysplasia. Method Four hundred and three premature infants with hyaline membrane disease were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of PS: low-dose group (L-PS group, ≤ 100 mg/kg, n =188) ,high-dose group(H-PS group, > 100 mg/kg, n = 94) and no-PS group (N-PS group, n = 121). The frac-tional inspired oxygen(FiO2) and ptlmonary oxygenating function before and after 6 hours treatment were observed and the durations of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, frequency of repeated intubafion, length of hospi-talization and the incidence of BPD were compared among the three groups. Results After 6 hours PS administra-tion, the FiO2,oxygen index and duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation were significantly decreased (P <0.05), while PO2 and the arterio-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen were significantly increased (P <0.05)in the H-PS and L-PS groups, compared with the N-PS group. Compared with the L-PS and N-PS groups,the H-PS group showed a decreased incidence of BPD. Conclusions PS administration could improve the pul-monary oxygenation and prevent the development of BPD, especially in high-dose.     

肺表面活性物质替代治疗与支气管肺发育不良的关系

Objective To explore, the effect of different dosage of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on the inci-dence of bronchopulmanary dysplasia. Method Four hundred and three premature infants with hyaline membrane disease were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of PS: low-dose group (L-PS group, ≤ 100 mg/kg, n =188) ,high-dose group(H-PS group, > 100 mg/kg, n = 94) and no-PS group (N-PS group, n = 121). The frac-tional inspired oxygen(FiO2) and ptlmonary oxygenating function before and after 6 hours treatment were observed and the durations of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, frequency of repeated intubafion, length of hospi-talization and the incidence of BPD were compared among the three groups. Results After 6 hours PS administra-tion, the FiO2,oxygen index and duration of oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation were significantly decreased (P <0.05), while PO2 and the arterio-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen were significantly increased (P <0.05)in the H-PS and L-PS groups, compared with the N-PS group. Compared with the L-PS and N-PS groups,the H-PS group showed a decreased incidence of BPD. Conclusions PS administration could improve the pul-monary oxygenation and prevent the development of BPD, especially in high-dose.