The Effect of Garlic Extract on Expression of INFγ And Inos Genes in Macrophages Infected with Leishmania major

Background

The study was aimed to show the effect of molecular mechanism of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on expression of IFNγ and iNOS genes in Leishmania major.

Methods

Leishmania major promastigotes (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were added to the in-vitro cultured J774 cell line, the cells were incubated for 72 hours. Various concentrations of garlic extract (9.25, 18.5, 37, 74, 148 mg/ml) were added to the infected cells. MTT assay was applied for cellular proliferation. After 72 hours of incubation, supernatants were collected and total RNA was extracted from the infected cells. The express of IFNγ and iNOS genes were studied by RT-PCR method.

Results

The colorimetric MTT assay after 3 days of incubation showed cytotoxic effect of garlic extract with an IC50 of 37 mg/ml. In addition, IFNγ and iNOS genes expression by RT-PCR indicated that garlic extract lead to over expression of these genes in J774 cell line infected with L. major.

Conclusion

Garlic extract exerts cytotoxic effect on infected J774 cell line. In addition, the hypothesis that garlic can improve cellular immunity with raising the expression of IFNγ and of iNOS genes confirmed.     

Educational difference in the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a study in northern Iran

Background

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease in the world and it is rapidly increasing in Iran. In this study the relationship between educational levels and osteoporosis was investigated among Iranian postmenopausal women.

Method and subjects

Seven hundred and six women aged 50-75 years old were randomly recruited from urban (n = 440) and rural (n = 266) areas in Guilan. Osteoporosis was diagnosed by quantitative ultrasound technique and dual X-ray absorptiometry. Serum 25(OH) D3, body weight and height were measured in all subjects. Other data including age, educational level, menopause age, medications and history of illness were also collected.

Results

We found that the prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly greater among women with low educational level than women with high educational status (18.0% vs 3.8% P < 0.0001). However, women with low educational level had higher mean serum level of vitamin D than women with high educational level. Osteoporosis was significantly more prevalent among women living in rural areas than women living in urban areas (19.1% v.s 13.3%, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

This study showed that educational level is associated with bone health in this population of postmenopausal women with significantly higher osteoporosis found in lower social groups. Therefore, we suggest that women with low social level should be carefully evaluated for signs of osteoporosis during routine physical examinations.     

6－甲氧基正丁苯酞在大鼠肝微粒体中的代谢研究

报道了用ＧＣ／ＭＳ方法及衍生化技术研究６甲氧基正丁苯酞（ＭＢＰ）在大鼠肝微粒体中的代谢转化结果。６甲氧基正丁苯酞在苯巴比妥（ＰＢ）诱导的大鼠肝微粒体中主要转化为３羟基、γ羟基取代物，６羟基正丁苯酞与一个环氧化代谢产物     

常咯啉在实验性心律失常狗的药代动力学－药效动力学分析

用Ｈａｒｒｉｓ冠脉结扎法诱发的心律失常狗研究常咯啉药代动力学－药效动力学。７只狗按８３．３３μｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）·ｍｉｎ￣（－１）静脉滴注６０ｍｉｎ，在给药期间和停药后不同时间记录ＥＣＧ及测定血药浓度。Ｃ－Ｔ数据用药代程序计算药代参数；药效数据用药代－药效同步分析模型计算药效动力学参数，Ｋ１０，Ｔ１／２，Ｖｄ，Ｃｌ分别为０．００８７ｍｉｎ￣（－１），７８．０３ｍｉｎ，４０．５５ｍｌ·ｋｇ￣（－１）和０．４２１ｍｌ·ｋｇ￣（－１）·ｍｉｎ￣（－１）；Ｋｅ０和Ｃｅ（５０）分别为０．００４８ｍｉｎ￣（－１）和２．０１μｇ·ｍｌ￣（－１）.     

6－甲氧基正丁苯酞的体内代谢转化研究

大鼠用６－甲氧基正丁苯酞（ＭＢＰ）灌胃，收集０～２４ｈ尿液，经酶水解、提取浓缩、衍生化处理后用ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析。在大鼠０～２４ｈ尿液中，６－甲氧基正丁苯酞原药含量很低，主要以代谢物形式存在，依次为Ｃ－６脱甲基产物、Ｃ３－Ｃα环氧化物、γ－羟化物、β－羟化物以及两个次级代谢产物。６－甲氧基正丁苯酞体内代谢结果与其在肝微粒体中代谢结果基本一致。     

常咯啉在实验性心律失常狗的药代动力学-药效动力学分析

用Harris冠脉结扎法诱发的心律失常狗研究常咯啉药代动力学-药效动力学。7只狗按83.33μg·kg^-1·min^-1静脉滴注60min,在给药期间和停药后不同时间记录ECG及测定血药浓度。C-T数据用药代程序计算药代参数;药效数据用药代-药效同步分析模型计算药效动力学参数,K₁₀, T_1/2,Vd,Cl分别为0.0087min^-1,78.03min,40.55ml·kg^-1和0.421ml·kg^-1·min^-1;K_eO和Ce(50)分别为0.0048min^-1和2.01μg·ml^-1.     

干燥综合征神经系统病变的临床及病理分析

目的探讨原发性干燥综合征(Sjogren综合征;pSS)神经系统病变的临床及组织病理特征。方法对18例并发神经系统损伤的pSS患者的临床及病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果周围神经系统病变pSS(PNS-pSS)表现为对称性感觉运动性周围神经病、多发性单神经病、感觉性周围神经病、颅神经损伤。中枢神经系统病变pSS(CNS-pSS)表现为多发性硬化、缓慢进展的认知障碍和共济障碍、脑炎。头颅MRI显示脑白质多发异常信号、脑白质、脑干及小脑多发异常信号、脑脓肿。唇黏膜活检示部分腺体萎缩,腺泡及间质内可见淋巴、单核吞噬细胞浸润。腓肠神经活检既有典型血管炎改变也有非血管炎性改变。脑活检可见白质脱髓鞘及小静脉周围炎性细胞浸润以及典型血管炎改变。结论Sjogren综合征导致的神经系统损伤呈多样性,且常先于Sjogren综合征的诊断之前出现。了解其神经系统损伤的临床表现、影像学特点及组织病理改变对认识本病具有重要的临床意义。     

临床感染病原菌菌种分布及其耐药性分析

目的了解笔者所在医院2008年度临床感染病原菌的菌种分布及其耐药现状。方法用VITEK微生物自动鉴定仪鉴定菌种,纸片扩散法检测临床分离菌对各种抗菌药物的敏感性,判读标准参照当年的CLSI M100文件。结果临床分离的1900株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌和真菌所占比例分别为68.42%、18.16%和12.32%。分离率最高的五种病原菌:铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和白色假丝酵母菌,占所有分离病原菌的59.26%,排前20位的病原菌则占到近90%(89.63%)。革兰阴性杆菌仅对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的平均耐药率低于30%,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率分别28.9%、32.9%和11.6%、24.7%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌的ESBL阳性率分别是52.8%、37.2%和34.6%,金黄色葡萄球和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株各占44.0%和60.0%,未检出万古霉素中介或耐药的葡萄球菌,检出万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌各1株。念珠菌对氟康唑耐药率接近5%。结论临床感染病原菌构成变化不大,但真菌检出率逐年升高。非发酵菌耐药率最低的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,肠杆菌科耐药率最低的是亚胺培南,ESBL的阳性率逐年升高。加强病原菌及其耐药性检测和监测,对病原学诊断及指导合理选用抗生素具重要参考价值。     

机械通气患者中心静脉压与上腔静脉横径相关性研究

目的通过监测机械通气患者中心静脉压(CVP)与上腔静脉横径值(SVCD)的动态变化,评价呼气末正压(PEEP)对机械通气患者CVP与SVCD的影响,以及CVP与SVCD相关性研究,为用无创手段测定机械通气患者SVCD值以来指导患者液体治疗提供理论依据。方法选取22例因急性呼吸衰竭行机械通气的患者应用彩色超声诊断仪监测受试者在不同水平PEEP(0～20cmH2O)时的SVCD值与CVP值,同时记录患者心率、平均动脉压与血氧饱和度,分析SVCD、CVP与PEEP相关性分析。结果①机械通气患者SVCD值随PEEP值的增加而递减,SVCD与PEEP值呈显著负相关(r=-0.981,P<0.01);②CVP与PEEP呈显著正相关(r=0.997,P<0.01);③CVP与SVCD值呈显著负相关(r=-0.961,P<0.01)。结论机械通气时患者SVCD值随PEEP值增加而减少,CVP随PEEP值增加而增加,从而可用多普勒超声心动图检查来监测SVCD值,以间接评价患者治疗效果。