Risk factors for deaths in under-age-five children attending a diarrhoea treatment centre

Few case-control studies have examined possible risk factors for diarrhoeal deaths in under-age-five children in the developing countries. We analysed data from the surveillance system of our diarrhoea treatment centre/hospital for the period 1990-94 on 928 children less than 5 years of age. In univariate analysis, 11 factors were significantly associated with death: lack of breastfeeding, severe malnutrition, complicated diarrhoea, pneumonia, xerophthalmia, duration of diarrhoea 7-14 days, moderate or severe dehydration, recent history of measles, Shigella flexneri infection, maternal illiteracy, and very low household income. Rotavirus diarrhoea was negatively associated with fatal outcome. In the assessment of severe malnutrition, weight-for-height measurement discriminated mortality risk better than weight-for-age or height-for-age indices. Only two factors retained their significance, severe malnutrition and non-breastfeeding in the multivariate analysis with adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 84.2 (9.1, 775.9) and 4.2 (1.3, 13.2) respectively.     

Short stay facilities: the future of efficient paediatric emergency services

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reactions of parents and their children to the request for a blood sample and an attempt to take blood. METHODS: 1859 children aged 1.5-4.5 years took part in a national survey of diet and nutrition. A retrospective inquiry of the parents' and children's reported reactions was carried out six to 18 months later by postal questionnaire sent only to the 1157 who had given consent for an attempt to take blood. RESULTS: 866 questionnaires were returned; 790 were from parents of children in whom an attempt to take blood had been successful. Thirteen per cent said that their child had given blood previously. About 30% discussed the request with the family doctor or nurse. Some 90% said that they were given enough information and that the phlebotomist was sympathetic. Attempting to take blood caused upset in over 50%, which, in most, lasted for less than five minutes. A substantial minority were upset for up to 30 minutes and a few much longer. Bruising or bleeding occurred in 20-27%. Degree and duration of upset were both adversely associated with a failed attempt to obtain blood. CONCLUSION: The majority of preschool children experienced no more than a little upset of short duration after an attempt to take blood, but a substantial minority exhibited a greater degree of upset. These responses should be taken into account when assessing the benefits and risks of the procedure. The best equipment and expertise should be employed for taking blood as successful attempts are less upsetting.     

Nutritional factors and thalassaemia major

Abnormal growth is a common feature of thalassaemia major in children. In an attempt to determine whether it has a nutritional cause, 12 children aged 1 to 3 years with thalassaemia major were studied under metabolic ward conditions. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry and biochemistry before and after an intensive nutrition regimen. Five children had wasting or stunting on admission. As a result of the nutrition intervention, mean weight for height improved significantly. The mean height increase of 0.4 cm after one month was not significant. Plasma zinc, depressed in half the children on admission, improved, as did alpha tocopherol, while copper decreased. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I also increased commensurate with improved growth. Fat absorption was normal in all children. Undernutrition is an important cause of associated growth disturbances in children with thalassaemia major. Malnutrition was primarily caused by inadequate nutrient intake, as indicated by the capacity to gain weight appropriately when provided with nutrition support, and by the absence of intestinal malabsorption. While long term studies are required to determine if nutritional support will prevent stunting, these results underscore its central role in preventing nutritional deficiencies and in promoting normal growth in thalassaemic children.     

Familial Cervical Cancer: Case Reports,Review and Clinical Implications

We report three Dutch families with familial clustering of (pre)neoplastic cervical disease, review the literature on familial risks of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer, and discuss possible practical guidelines for women with a family history of cervical cancer. Daughters and sisters of women with cervical cancer have been reported to have a relative risk of 1.5-2.3 to develop this type of cancer. From a practical clinical point of view, we suggest that as in women with an increased non-genetic risk to develop cervical cancer (e.g. because of immunosuppressive therapy) increased surveillance to detect this tumour should be considered in women with an increased risk based on family history. Cessation of smoking should be advised. As the use of condoms at least prevents HPV re-infection its use can be recommended as a way to lower the cervical cancer risk. Future studies to determine the genetic contribution to the development of cervical cancer should include the paternal family history of cancer and, because genetic predisposition might express itself as a higher risk to develop precursors of cervical cancer, carcinoma in situ and CIN grade II-III.     

Multifocal osteolysis with nephropathy

A patient with progressive osteolysis of the carpal and tarsal bones with glomerulonephritis of unusual severity is described. There was a notable absence of osteodystrophy in this and other reported cases who had chronic renal failure.     

Transient synovitis of the hip in children: role of US

Transient synovitis of the hip remains a common diagnostic problem for the clinician. The physical signs are not pathognomonic of the condition, and the classic technical examinations are of little help. Therefore, the authors retrospectively studied the value of hip arthrosonography in 46 children with clinical symptoms suggesting pathologic hip conditions. In 20 of the 21 patients with a final diagnosis of transient synovitis, articular effusion was detected on ultrasound (US). Conventional radiography showed an increased medial joint space in only eight of these patients. Increased echogenicity of the articular fluid was found in both transient synovitis and septic arthritis. The high sensitivity of US in detecting intraarticular fluid was demonstrated by cadaver studies.     

中药贝母类的研究——ⅩⅦ.贝母鳞叶上表皮显微观察

本文对浙贝母Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.等20种贝母的鳞叶上(内)表皮进行了显微观察,发现种间在表皮细胞形状、大小和垂周壁部位角质栓(cuticular peg)的形状,大小和排列等方面有一定区别,可作为新的鉴别依据。全文除描述外,列出检索表,并附主要特征图。     

Bronchial artery embolization: monitoring with somatosensory evoked potentials. Work in progress

Surgery remains the treatment of choice for massive and recurrent hemoptysis. In some instances, however, immediate surgical intervention is contraindicated. In these situations, bronchial artery embolization (BAE) has proved to be a successful definitive treatment for non-surgical candidates and a palliative therapy in patients requiring hemodynamic stabilization prior to surgery. The most serious complication of BAE is spinal cord ischemia. This relates directly to the potential anastomotic connections between the bronchial circulation and the anterior spinal artery. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have been used in the past to monitor spinal cord ischemia during procedures that threaten the vascularity of the spinal cord. The authors report two cases in which SSEPs were employed to monitor spinal cord ischemia during bronchial artery embolization.     

Clinical significance of anti-Yt(b). Report of a case using a 51chromium red cell survival study

Several published reports have documented the variable survival of Yt(a+) red cells (RBC) in patients with anti-Yt(a) as measured by 51Chromium (Cr)-labeled RBC survival studies. Similar studies with anti-Yt(b) have not been reported. A 51Cr-labeled RBC survival study was performed using Yt(b+) RBCs and a monocyte monolayer assay in a young hemodialysis patient who required chronic transfusion therapy and who had developed anti-Yt(b). The survival of the transfused RBCs was 100 and 93 percent at 1 and 24 hours, respectively, with a half life of 21 days at termination of the study (normal, 28 to 32 days). These results showed no evidence of rapid destruction of the Yt(b+) RBCs, indicating that this patient could be transfused safely with blood from Yt(b+) donors. Long-term survival of the 51Cr-labeled Yt(b+) RBCs was shortened moderately, however, a finding that correlated with a slightly abnormal monocyte monolayer assay test.     

两种麻醉方法对单双肺通气期间能量代谢和呼吸氧价及应激反应的影响

目的:观察胸段硬膜外复合全静脉麻醉和全静脉麻醉对单、双肺通气能量代谢、呼吸氧价和应激反应的影响,比较两者的差异。方法:选择2004-07/2005-01徐州医学院附属医院心胸外科择期行食管癌根治术且需要单肺通气的患者40例,按随机数字表法分为硬膜外复合全静脉麻醉组(n=20)和全静脉麻醉组(n=20),经患者同意并签字后进入试验。分别在单肺通气和双肺通气时进行氧耗量、二氧化碳排出量、能量代谢和呼吸商测定,同时测量肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇和血糖水平。结果:40例患者全部进入结果分析,无脱落。①在单、双肺通气时硬膜外复合全静脉麻醉组的氧耗量、二氧化碳排出量、能量代谢均高于全静脉麻醉组(P<0.05);两组患者单肺通气时段氧耗量、二氧化碳排出量、能量代谢低于双肺通气时段,但差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②在单、双肺通气时硬膜外复合全静脉麻醉组的肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、皮质醇和血糖水平均低于全静脉麻醉组(P<0.05);单、双肺通气相比,两组患者肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素变化差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:与全静脉麻醉相比,胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全静脉麻醉能够增加胸科手术的氧耗量、能量代谢,减轻应激反应。单、双肺通气期间没有明显差异。