Effortful processing is a requirement for nicotine-induced improvements in memory

 We report two studies examining the effects of nicotine on memory in minimally deprived smokers. In experiment 1, semantically related words were recalled significantly better than unrelated words following nicotine, even when volunteers were explicitly instructed to target the unrelated word set for recall. Experiment 2 examined the effect of nicotine on two different types of lexical association: association by joint category membership (semantically related items), and association by derived meaning (”encapsulated” word pairs). Nicotine-induced improvements in recall were observed only for category associates and not for encapsulated word pairs. This implies that explicit, effortful processing of material in the presence of nicotine is necessary for improved recall performance to be observed. Received: 15 October 1997 / Final version: 13 November 1997     

Potential Time Benefit in the Assessment of Recurrent Rat Rhabdomyosarcoma Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with 18Fluorodeoxyglucose Depends on Therapy-Specific Growth Delay

PURPOSE: To correlate the potential time benefit of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) in terms of early detection of recurrences of subcutaneously growing R1H tumors with therapy-specific parameters of recurrent tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve, eleven, and seven recurrences were followed after fractionated radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy for 6 months, respectively, and (18)FDG-PET was performed weekly using a conventional full-ring whole-body PET scanner. By comparing PET results and actual tumor volume, the time benefit of (18)FDG-PET in detection of recurrent tumors of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 cm(3) was determined for the different treatment strategies. RESULTS: A significant time benefit of (18)FDG-PET of 26.9 days and 67 days was solely determined for recurrences after radiotherapy of 0.2 cm(3) and 0.5 cm(3), respectively. The potential time benefit showed a strong correlation with growth delay, which was increased after radiotherapy due to a pronounced tumor-bed effect. CONCLUSION: The potential time benefit of (18)FDG-PET is strongly determined by the growth kinetics of the recurrence. A tumor-bed effect, which is a phenomenon solely seen after radiotherapy, favors early detection by (18)FDG-PET. The experimental data, clinical experience and theoretical consideration all indicate a noticeable benefit of (18)FDG-PET especially after radiotherapeutic treatment.     

Concentration course of lithium in liquor and aqueous humor after single oral application in man]

Kinetic examinations of lithium concentrations in the aqueous humour and in the liquor in man were carried out. The passage of lithium into both extravascular compartments took place in different manners. Lithium - liquor concentrations seem to be only of a rather limited positive evidence as to the concentrations at the spot of action; the possible causes for this fact are discussed.     

CELL KINETIC STUDIES IN MIXED LEUKOCYTE CULTURES: AN in vitro MODEL OF HOMOGRAFT REACTIVITY

The recognition phase of homograft immunity can be studied in vitro in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction. In this reaction, at the end of seven days, up to 30 per cent of the lymphocytes in culture "respond" to a single allogeneic cell stimulus. This paper presents evidence that the lymphocytes responding in culture divide with the generation time of 18-21 hours, with some asynchrony, and that a large percentage of the cells found at the end of the culture period may be the products by division of a small number of cells initially responding. Two estimates are made of the frequency of the initially responding unit (the cell(s) responsible for initiating the response). These are probably minimum estimates and are in the range of 1 in 200 to 1 in 2000 cells which can initially respond. This very high frequency of responding units as compared with the responding units in immediate type hypersensitivity (antibody production) is discussed.     

Zur Behandlung der Keratitis dendritica mit para-Fluorphenylalanin (Vorläufige Mitteilung)

Zusammenfassung p-Fluorphenylalanin wurde an 32 Patienten mit, einer Keratitis dendritica vergleichend zu 5-Jodo-2-desoxyuridin untersucht und als gleichermaßen wirksam gefunden. Sein therapeutischer Wert kann erst nach einer längeren Nachbeobachtungszeit endgültig festgestellt werden.

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Summary p-Fluorphenylalanin and 5-Jodo-2-desoxyuridin were investigated on 32 patients with Keratitis dendritica. Both substances showed the same good effect.

     

Cell surface lectins of transplantable human teratocarcinoma cells: purification of a new mannan-specific endogenous lectin

Fractionation of detergent extracts of transplanted tumors of human teratocarcinoma cells by affinity chromatography yields one predominant protein with apparent molecular weight of 14,000 and further, for less abundant protein with apparent molecular weight of 35,000 from lactose-sepharose and one protein with apparent molecular weight of 68,000 from mannan-sepharose. No further carbohydrate-binding protein can be isolated on columns derivatized with asialofetuin, melibiose and L-fucose, to which the extract is applied successively. Both proteins agglutinate trypsinized, glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes in the absence of Ca2+ and can thus be defined as endogenous human teratocarcinoma lectins. Inhibition of heterotypic and homotypic aggregation of human teratocarcinoma cells by D-mannose, D-galactose and glycoproteins rich in one of these sugars is consistent with a functional role of these Ca2+-independent lectins in cell aggregation. Visualization of these activities by fluorescent mannosylated and lactosylated markers on the cell surface further supports the cell surface localization of these detergent extractable lectins. The mannan-specific lectin, in particular, has so far not been detected in any mammalian tissue or tumor and is of potential value for a lectin-based diagnosis and therapy of embryonal carcinomas.     

Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit unspezifischer und virostatischer Behandlung der Keratitis dendritica unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kombination von 5-Jod-2-desoxyuridin und para-Fluorphenylalanin

Zusammenfassung Bei 69 Patienten mit einer Keratitis dendritica wurde die Behandlung mit einer Jodabrasio eingeleitet und dann mit Panthenol-, IDU-, pFPA oder einer IDU-pFPA-Mischsalbe fortgesetzt. Die Ausführung einer Jodabrasio vor der Salbenbehandlung verkürzte die Behandlungszeit erheblich. Von den zur Nachbehandlung verwendeten Salben war die Mischsalbe die beste. Weiterhin erwies sich pFPA-Augensalbe als geeignet, während IDU- und Panthenol-Augensalbe einen weniger günstigen Effekt zeigten.

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Investigation about the efficiency of non specific and virostatic therapy of the Keratitis dendritica with specific reference of the combination of 5-Jod-2-deoxyuridine and para-Fluorphenyl-alanin

Summary The treatment of 69 patients with typical dendritic keratitis was started with an iodization of the affected areas of the cornea and continued with an ointment containing Panthenol, para-Fluorphenylalanin (pFPA), 5-Jodo-2-deoxyuridine (IDU) or a mixture of the last two. Iodization before the treatment with an ointment passed away the time of application. The mixed ointment has been shown to be the best. The therapy with pFPA-ointment had also good results, whereas Panthenol- and IDU-ointment had no favourable effect.

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Für die Herstellung der Alnasid-Augensalbe sind wir Herrn Apotheker Luchterhand) von der Klinikapotheke der Medizinischen Akademie zu besonderem Dank verpflichtet.     

Die Bedeutung der Puffereigenschaften von Hornhaut und Kammerwasser für den Schutz des Auges bei Verätzungen

Zusammenfassung Früher berichtete Untersuchungsergebnisse führten zu der Annahme, daß bio- bzw. physikochemische Eigenschaften der Hornhaut deren Schutzfunktion wesentlich bestimmen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse von Versuchen berichtet, die durchgeführt wurden mit dem Ziel, die Pufferkurven von Hornhaut und Kammerwasser durch Titration zu bestimmen. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß die Pufferkapazität des Kammerwassers erheblich größer ist als die des Hornhautgewebes. Sowohl Hornhaut als auch Kammerwasser pufferten Säure etwa doppelt so gut ab wie Lauge. Es wird vermutet, daß die Pufferkapazität von Hornhaut und Kammerwasser der Faktor ist, der von seiten des Auges die Größe der Schädigung nach Verätzung entscheidend bestimmt.

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The importance of the buffer properties of cornea and aqueous humor in the protection of the eye burned with acid or base

Summary In a former paper it was suggested that also the buffer properties of the cornea have a protective function in eyes burned with acid or base. In this investigation the buffer curve of cornea and aqueous humor was determined by titration with HCl or NaOH in a concentration of 0.01 Val/l. The results showed, that the effectiveness of the buffer systems of aqueous humor is better than that of the cornea. The buffer action of both aqueous humor and cornea against an acid was about twice of that against a base. It is suggested that the buffer capacity essentially determines the extension of the damage in eyes burned with acid or base.