Stress selectively influences center region activity of mice in an open field

Effects of immobilization and footshock stress on locomotor activity in different areas of an open field were examined in mice. Center region activity, peripheral region activity and total activity were used as measurement indices. These results indicate that both immobilization and footshock stress significantly increased total activity across 24 min of behavioral testing. Further analyses revealed that the difference in total activity between the experimental and control groups were mainly attributal to an increase in center region activity. Both stress manipulations markedly augmented peripheral region activity for only the first 6 min. More important, when the proportion of center to peripheral activity was used as an index, both experimental groups manifested an inverted U shape relationship with the maximum effect occurring between 13-18 min of behavioral testing. Similarities of these activity measures in response to different stressors suggests that common neurochemical and/or neurohormonal mechanisms may mediate these behavioral changes.     

Traumatic cervical Brown-Sequard and Brown-Sequard-plus syndromes: the spectrum of presentations and outcomes.

Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) and Brown-Sequard-plus syndrome (BSPS) are characterised by asymmetrical paresis with hypalgesia more marked on the less paretic side. This study examined the clinical features of 38 patients (30 males and 8 females; mean age = 32 years) with traumatic cervical BSS or BSPS who underwent comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation. Twenty two injuries were caused by road traffic accidents, 8 by penetrating injuries, 5 by diving injuries, and 3 by other causes. After an average of 35 days in acute care and 79 days in rehabilitation, 37 patients had increased muscle strength, all 38 patients improved functional abilities, 29 patients walked independently, 34 had spontaneous bladder emptying, 36 were discharged home, and 14 were employed. Statistically significant increases (p less than 0.001) were made in modified Barthel index functional scores between admission and discharge. Patients with BSPS had a better prognosis than did those with 'pure' BSS. Patients with predominant upper limb weakness had more favourable outcomes than did those with predominant lower limb weakness. Few other potentially predictive demographic, injury, or neurological factors were associated with functional outcome. Patients with BSS or BSPS generally have a good prognosis for neurological and functional improvement.     

Nitric oxide synthesis in the in vivo allograft response: a possible regulatory mechanism.

Activated macrophages are known to oxidatively metabolize L-arginine to nitric oxide and citrulline. We have recently shown that nitric oxide is a potent inhibitory molecule in the in vitro rat mixed-splenocyte culture, resulting in inhibition of proliferation and cytolytic T-cell induction. We undertook this study using the sponge matrix allograft model in the rat to determine whether nitric oxide plays a role in an in vivo allograft response. Our experiments showed that on day 6 after grafting, when cytolytic activity of allograft-infiltrating cells is first detected, allogeneic graft fluid contains higher levels of NO2-/NO3- (the stable endproducts of nitric oxide metabolism) than syngeneic graft fluid. Furthermore, evaluation of the supernatants of cultured graft-infiltrating cells revealed that allogeneic graft-infiltrating cells spontaneously produce higher amounts of nitric oxide than syngeneic graft-infiltrating cells. The nitric oxide production was inhibited in the presence of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA), the competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide production. Most of the nitric oxide production was observed in the adherent macrophage fraction of the allograft-infiltrating cells. When allograft-infiltrating cells were cultured in the presence of NMA, donor-specific cytolytic activity was observed, whereas allograft-infiltrating cells cultured in the absence of NMA showed no cytolytic activity. These data show that nitric oxide production may play an important regulatory role in the allograft response.     

Functional renal insufficiency during long-term therapy with captopril and enalapril in severe chronic heart failure

Renal function was evaluated in 104 patients with severe chronic heart failure whom we treated with captopril or enalapril. Seventy patients showed no change or an improvement in renal function (group A), and 34 patients developed functional renal insufficiency (group B). Before converting-enzyme inhibition, group B patients received higher doses of furosemide (p less than 0.02) and had lower central venous pressures (p less than 0.05) than group A patients. After 1 to 3 months of converting-enzyme inhibition, an excessive reduction in left ventricular filling pressure (to less than 15 mm Hg) or mean arterial pressure (to less than 60 mm Hg) was noted in 28 of 34 (82%) patients in group B but in only 22 of 70 patients in group A (31%) (p less than 0.001). At the end of the study, drug-induced azotemia resolved after a reduction in the dosage of diuretics, despite unaltered treatment with captopril and enalapril. Hence, the deterioration of renal function after converting-enzyme inhibition in heart failure is not a toxic or immunologic reaction to therapy but results from specific hemodynamic events that can be ameliorated by sodium repletion.     

Immunogold localisation of laminin in normal and exfoliative iris.

Immunoelectron microscopic studies of exfoliative iris tissue (seven specimens) revealed the presence of laminin in the fibrillar component of exfoliation material. The immunogold label was uniformly distributed on the exfoliation fibres. Deposition of laminin labelled exfoliation material in the dilator muscle was a noteworthy feature, as was an apparent depletion of laminin in the basement membranes of ostensibly unaffected vessels. In control iris tissue (five enucleated eyes) laminin was identified in the basement membrane round vascular contractile cells, but not beneath the endothelium.     

Body fat in normal adults estimated by oxygen-18- and deuterium-dilution and by anthropometry: a comparison

We estimated body fat in 20 normal adults (10 males and 10 females) from 18O- and 2H-dilution spaces and from the equations of Durnin & Womersley and Pollock, Schmidt & Jackson based on skinfold thickness measurements. Differences between methods for body fat estimation were found to be sex-dependent: subsequent analyses indicated significant differences between methods within each sex. Regardless of sex, the highest fat estimates were obtained with the 18O-dilution method, followed by those obtained with the 2H-dilution method or the Durnin & Womersley equation. The lowest fat estimates were obtained using the Pollock, Schmidt & Jackson equation. The 18O-dilution method and the Durnin & Wormersley anthropometric method are both suitable and appropriate for body fat estimation in adults studied under field conditions.     

Beta adrenergic blocking agents for open-angle glaucoma

Beta adrenergic blocking agents have gained wide acceptance among practitioners and patients alike as extremely useful drugs for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. This new class of antiglaucoma agents usually is effective in reducing elevated intraocular pressure and is generally well tolerated. This paper is intended to provide an understanding of the ophthalmic beta adrenergic blocking agents to optometrists who are actively involved in the treatment of glaucoma and/or in the monitoring of glaucoma patients. The clinical pharmacology of the three FDA-approved beta blockers -- timolol, levobunolol, and betaxolol, is evaluated and the drugs are compared.