Gluthatione-S-transferase P1 polymorphism I105V in familial and sporadic prostate cancer

Several reports suggest that the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes is involved in a variety of cancers, due to their carcinogen-detoxification properties. A polymorphism in codon 105 of the pi variant (GSTP1 I105V), which affects the enzymatic activity of the enzyme, has been linked to the incidence of cancers from different organs. However, the published data in prostate cancer (PCa) is controversial. Some studies report an association with the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism and sporadic PCa, whereas other studies report no association. Recently, one study showed a positive correlation between the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism and familial PCa in a Japanese population. In the present study, we assessed the correlation of the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism with familial and sporadic PCa in an American population. We analyzed DNA samples from 438 patients with familial PCa, 499 patients with sporadic PCa, and 510 controls. We found no significant association between the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism and familial or sporadic PCa when compared to the control group [odds ratio (OR) =1.0 (0.74-1.37); P=0.58]. Moreover, no association was found after stratification for age of diagnosis, Gleason grade, or lymph node involvement [OR =0.84 (0.65-1.09), P=0.37]. These data indicate that there is no associated risk for sporadic or familial PCa in American families containing the GSTP1 I105V polymorphism.     

Partial trisomy 12 in a mentally retarded boy and translocation (12;21) in his mother

Cytogenetic studies of an infant with malformations and a peculiar appearance showed a partial trisomy of chromosome 12. The mother carried a translocation of the distal part of chromosome 12 onto the short arm of chromosome 21, with breakpoints most likely at 12q24 and 21p11.     

Extinction of the human leukocyte antigen homozygosity effect after two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine

We have reported associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) homozygosity and low measles antibody levels after one dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Here, we examined associations between HLA homozygosity and immune responses to MMR after two doses of vaccine. We examined associations between HLA homozygosity and measles antibody levels in a group of 178 children (cohort 1) as well as associations between homozygosity and antibody levels and lymphoproliferative responses to MMR in 346 children (cohort 2). In cohort 1, HLA homozygotes and heterozygotes had similar increases in measles antibody levels after a second dose of measles vaccine. In cohort 2, HLA homozygosity was not associated with measles immune measures after two doses of vaccine. Homozygosity at the DPB locus was associated with increased rubella antibody levels, and homozygosity at the class IA alleles was associated with lower mumps lymphoproliferative response. Homozygosity at increasing numbers of loci was also associated with lower mumps antibody levels and lymphoproliferative response. Therefore, two doses of the MMR vaccine appear to induce sufficient antibody levels and lymphoproliferative responses against measles and rubella, regardless of HLA homozygosity status. However, children who are HLA homozygous may be less protected against mumps compared with children who are heterozygous.     

Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic

In a sample of 5483 adults who had been legally adopted early in life by persons not biologically related to them, 33 were identified, from mental hospital records, for whom a diagnosis of definite schizophrenia (chronic, latent, or acute) could be agreed upon by four raters. An equal number of matched controls were selected from the sample of adopted individuals who had never been admitted to a mental hospital. Ninety percent of the living parents, siblings, and half-siblings, biological and adoptive, cooperated in an extensive psychiatric interview permitting a consensus diagnosis by three blind raters. Schizophrenia and uncertain schizophrenia were found to be significantly concentrated in the population genetically related to the schiziphrenic adoptees. Their adoptive relatives did not differ from the control populations in the prevalence of schizophrenic illness.This was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics, Portland. Oregon, October 18, 1974.     

Techniques of exposure for the stiff total knee

Primary and revision total knee arthroplasty have become common orthopaedic procedures. The operating surgeon, at times, may be faced with a difficult surgical case due to soft tissue contractures or bone deformities. A review of multiple surgical techniques using soft tissue releases and osteotomies are presented including their potential complications. Although these techniques are aimed at the atypical operative case, the operating surgeon may utilize them for ‘routine’ exposures as well. Importance is focused on the functional integrity of the knee extensor mechanism.     

Anxiolytic effects of intra-amygdaloid injection of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 in the rat

The intercalated islands are intra-amigdaloid clusters of D1 receptor rich GABAergic neurons, which control impulse traffic between the basolateral complex and the central nucleus of the amygdala. As dopaminergic transmission within the amygdala may play a role in anxiety, the effect of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 microinjected mainly close to the rostral intercalated islands in rats was studied, using the White and Black Box test. SCH23390 reduced anxiety by an increase in the latency of the first entry into the black compartment and by an increase in the total time spent in the white compartment of the White and Black Box test, while there was no significant modification of locomotion. It is suggested that blockade of D1 receptors in the rostral intercalated islands may reduce anxiety through a reduction of GABA-mediated dishinibition of the central amygdaloid nucleus.     

IgE in unselected like-sexed monozygotic and dizygotic twins at birth and at 6 to 9 years of age: high but dissimilar genetic influence on IgE levels

BACKGROUND: IgE is a major determinant of allergic disease. Twin analysis of serum levels of IgE has been carried out previously in children and adults with heritability estimates of 30% to 70% on the basis of ANOVA. OBJECTIVE: This study included the analysis of serum IgE in a population of 126 twins, 27 monozygotic pairs and 36 dizygotic pairs, studied at birth (cord blood [CB] IgE) and consecutively at the age of 6 to 9 years of age (serum IgE). METHODS: IgE was determined by means of RIA. ANOVA, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling by maximal likelihood analysis was used for genetic analysis. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling by maximal likelihood analysis showed the best-fitting model to be the AE model (A for additive genetic variance and E for environmental variance) both at birth and later in childhood. The estimated heritability was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.84-0.95) for CB IgE and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.60-0.87) for serum IgE. The correlation between CB IgE and serum IgE was 0.04. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated a higher genetic dependency of serum IgE than previously recognized. The low correlation between the IgE levels at birth and later in childhood suggested that different effector mechanisms may be operating at different ages.     

Electrophysiological indices of processing aesthetics: Spontaneous or intentional processes?

Processes underlying aesthetic appreciation of formal graphic black and white patterns were investigated. In previous EEG studies on aesthetic and symmetry judgments, an early frontocentral negativity has been observed for not beautiful judgments, and interpreted as reflecting an impression formation. In addition, a lateralized late positivity, more pronounced in the aesthetic than in the symmetry judgment task, has been interpreted as reflecting evaluative categorization; and a sustained posterior negativity for not symmetric judgments, has been interpreted as reflecting a prolonged symmetry analysis. Here, we investigated whether these processes occur spontaneously, i.e. independent of an aesthetics task instruction or a judgment task demand. Participants were randomly assigned to two group conditions. In the Viewing condition, participants were instructed to view graphic patterns, and to detect a probe. In the Contemplation condition, participants were instructed to contemplate the beauty of the patterns, and to detect a probe. No aesthetics-related response was required in either condition. ERP results suggest that symmetry analysis occurred spontaneously. Evaluative categorization, reflected by a late positivity, required an aesthetics instruction and did not occur spontaneously. This process was elicited without an overt aesthetic judgment. An early frontocentral negativity for not beautiful patterns, interpreted as reflecting impression formation, did not occur (in contrast to previous studies that required an overt aesthetic judgment). Given the present data, aesthetic appreciation of graphic patterns requires different sub-processes. Aesthetic contemplation is reflected by a lateralized late positivity, whilst an aesthetic judgment is additionally reflected by an early frontocentral negativity. Aesthetic appreciation of beauty appears to require intention and is not spontaneous in character.