Shb null allele is inherited with a transmission ratio distortion and causes reduced viability in utero.

SHB is an Src homology 2 domain-containing adapter protein that has been found to be involved in numerous cellular responses. We have generated an Shb knockout mouse. No Shb-/- pups or embryos were obtained on the C57Bl6 background, indicating an early defect as a consequence of Shb- gene inactivation on this genetic background. Breeding heterozygotes for Shb gene inactivation (Shb+/-) on a mixed genetic background (FVB/C57Bl6/129Sv) reveals a distorted transmission ratio of the null allele with reduced numbers of Shb+/+ and Shb-/- animals, but increased number of Shb+/- animals. The Shb- allele is associated with various forms of malformations, explaining the relative reduction in the number of Shb-/- offspring. Shb-/- animals that were born were viable, fertile, and showed no obvious defects. However, Shb+/- female mice ovulated preferentially Shb- oocytes explaining the reduced frequency of Shb+/+ mice. Our study suggests a role of SHB during reproduction and development.     

Regional occurrence of plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-58 in Acinetobacter spp. in Europe

The spread of the plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-58 was detected in Acinetobacter sp. clinical isolates from southern Europe, the Balkans, and central Turkey. It may contribute significantly to the emergence of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter spp., at least in this part of the world.     

Bacterial DNA activates human neutrophils by a CpG-independent pathway

Bacterial DNA stimulates macrophages, monocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells in a CpG-dependent manner. In this work we demonstrate that bacterial DNA, but not mammalian DNA, induces human neutrophil activation as assessed by L-selectin shedding, CD11b upregulation, and stimulation of cellular shape change, IL-8 secretion, and cell migration. Induction of these responses is not dependent on the presence of unmethylated CpG motifs, as neutrophil stimulatory properties were neither modified by CpG-methylation of bacterial DNA nor reproduced by oligonucleotides bearing CpG motifs. We found that human neutrophils express Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 mRNA. However, as expected for a CpG-independent mechanism, activation does not involve a TLR9-dependent signaling pathway; neutrophil stimulation was not prevented by immobilization of bacterial DNA or by wortmannin or chloroquine, two agents that inhibit TLR9 signaling. Of note, both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA were able to induce activation, suggesting that neutrophils might be activated by bacterial DNA at inflammatory foci even in the absence of conditions required to induce DNA denaturation. Our findings provide the first evidence that neutrophils might be alerted to the presence of invading bacteria through recognition of its DNA via a novel mechanism not involving CpG motifs.     

Cesarean Delivery and Risk of Excess Weight Among Brazilian Preschool Children

Maternal and Child Health Journal - To study the relationship between cesarean Delivery (CD) and overweight in preschool children, considering the presence of birth aspects and demographic...     

Evaluation of the effect of a school garden as an educational didactic tool in vegetable and fruit consumption in teenagers

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESIncreasing the consumption of vegetables and fruits in Mexico remains a challenge. Promoting sustainable food production systems through schools may be an effective way to educate young people about food and nutrition issues. A study of nutritional education in adolescents, based on the school garden, is necessary in order to evaluate its effects on the consumption of fruits and vegetables among middle- and upper-income segments of the population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention, accompanied by a school garden as an educational teaching tool, to improve vegetable and fruit consumption by Mexican teenagers attending a private middle/high school.SUBJECTS/METHODSTeenagers between 12 and 18 years of age (n = 126) attending a private middle/high school in Queretaro, Mexico participated in a 3-arm, controlled, comparative impact study using a vegetable and fruit consumption frequency questionnaire, food consumption diaries, a psychosocial factor assessment questionnaire of vegetable and fruit consumption, and structured interviews. The participants were randomized into 3 experimental groups: 1) food education + school garden (FE + SG), 2) FE only, and 3) control group (CG).RESULTSThe FE + SG and FE groups significantly increased the frequency and daily intake of vegetables and fruits compared to the CG. The FE + SG group showed greater understanding of, reflection upon, and analysis of the information they received about vegetable and fruit consumption, as well as a greater willingness to include these in their daily diet.CONCLUSIONSFE accompanied by a SG as a teaching tool is more effective at promoting vegetable and fruit consumption than either education alone or control in teenagers in middle-upper income segments of the population.     

Social Representations of Drinking Water in Schoolchildren and Parents from Two Schools in Zapopan,Mexico

Childhood obesity and children being overweight has increased recently; although they are multi-causal problems, an unhealthy diet is a critical component. In Mexico, drinking water consumption in children from 9 to 18 years only reaches 30% of total fluid consumption. The aim of our study was to describe the social representations (SR) of drinking water in school-children and parents of two schools in Zapopan, Mexico. Associative free listing was used as an information gathering technique. Schoolchildren aged 8 to 12 years (n = 50) and parents (n = 23) from two elementary schools were selected by a convenience sampling from April to June 2015. A similarity analysis was performed using the co-occurrence index; with this, a similarity graph was obtained. Prototypical analysis was performed to explore the structure of the SR. Three dimensions were described in the children’s SR: a functional dimension related to health and nutrition, a practical dimension that describes the instruments used for its consumption, and a theoretical dimension that specifies the characteristics of water and its relationship with nature. In the parents’ SR, a functional dimension was also found; another dimension was described regarding the integral well-being that drinking water provides. A practical dimension describes the features related to its consumption. The investigation describes the structure of the water SR, which help to contextualize and explain the actions of schoolchildren and their parents regarding drinking water consumption.     

Reduction in Maternal Energy Intake during Lactation Decreased Maternal Body Weight and Concentrations of Leptin,Insulin and Adiponectin in Human Milk without Affecting Milk Production,Milk Macronutrient Composition or Infant Growth

Maternal diet has the potential to affect human milk (HM) composition, but very few studies have directly assessed the effect of maternal diets on HM composition. The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of improving dietary quality in lactating women over 2 weeks on the concentrations of macronutrients and metabolic hormones in HM. The secondary aims were to assess the impact of the dietary intervention on 24 h milk production, maternal body composition and infant growth. Fifteen women completed a 1-week baseline period followed by a 2-week dietary intervention phase targeted towards reducing fat and sugar intake. Maternal anthropometric and body composition and infant growth measurements were performed weekly. Total 24 h milk production was measured before and after the dietary intervention, and HM samples were collected daily. Maternal intakes of energy (−33%), carbohydrate (−22%), sugar (−29%), fat (−54%) and saturated fat (−63%) were significantly reduced during the dietary intervention. HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations were 10–25% lower at the end of the dietary intervention, but HM concentrations of macronutrients were unaffected. Maternal body weight (−1.8%) and fat mass (−6.3%) were significantly reduced at the end of the dietary intervention, but there were no effects on 24 h milk production or infant growth. These results suggest that reducing maternal energy, carbohydrate, fat and sugar intake over a 2-week period is associated with significant reductions in HM insulin, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. These changes may be secondary to decreases in maternal weight and fat mass. The limited studies to date that have investigated the association between metabolic hormone concentrations in HM and infant growth raise the possibility that the changes in HM composition observed in the current study could impact infant growth and adiposity, but further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.     

Rapid,Full-Scale Change to Virtual PCIT During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implementation and Clinical Implications

Health agencies call for the immediate mobilization of existing interventions in response to numerous child and family mental health concerns that have arisen as result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Answering this call, this pilot study describes the rapid, full-scale change from a primarily clinic-based Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) model to a virtual service model (i.e., I-PCIT) in an academic and community-based program in Miami, Florida. First, we describe the virtual service training model our program developed and its implementation with 17 therapists (M_Age?=?32.35, 88.2% female, 47.1% Hispanic) to enable our clinic to shift from providing virtual services to a small portion of the families served (29.1%) to all of the families served. Second, we examine the effect of I-PCIT on child and caregiver outcomes during the 2-month stay-at-home period between March 16, 2020, and May 16, 2020, in 86 families (M_ChildAge?=?4.75, 71% Hispanic). Due to the rapid nature of the current study, all active participants were transferred to virtual services, and therefore there was no comparison or control group, and outcomes represent the most recently available scores and not treatment completion. Results reveal that I-PCIT reduced child externalizing and internalizing problems and caregiver stress, and increased parenting skills and child compliance with medium to large effects even in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the study examined components of our virtual service training model associated with the greatest improvements in child and caregiver outcomes. Preliminary findings revealed that locally and collaboratively developed strategies (e.g., online communities of practice, training videos and guides) had the strongest association with child and caregiver outcomes. Implications for virtual service delivery, implementation, and practice in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.

     

Is Mandatory Vaccination for COVID-19 Constitutional under Brazilian Law?

Mandatory vaccination for COVID-19 has been the object of heated debate in Brazil. This article discusses the legality and constitutionality of such a policy. First, it analyzes the laws, regulations, and Supreme Court decisions that provide for the possibility of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Subsequently, it analyzes the constitutionality of a mandatory vaccination policy through the proportionality method to address the conflict between, on one side, the right to individual autonomy, which includes the right to refuse a medical intervention, and, on the other, health policies that interfere with individual autonomy to protect the rights to life and health. The application of this method allows for the identification of key questions that need to be answered to determine the constitutionality of a mandatory vaccination program. These questions cannot be answered a priori and in the abstract because they depend on the concrete circumstances of the pandemic, on the characteristics of the vaccine(s) against COVID-19, and on how a mandatory vaccination policy might be designed and implemented by authorities.     

The influence of photobiomodulation on the temperature of the brachial biceps during muscle fatigue protocol

Lasers in Medical Science - Physical activity raises body temperature. However, the literature does not contain studies about whether the employment of hotobiomodulation (PMB) could significantly...