The dual role of IL-10

Classification of cytokines as pro-versus anti-inflammatory might not apply to the pleiotropic effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10). Several reports suggest that IL-10 enhances the function of natural killer cells, which leads, through pathogen destruction, to increased antigen availability. In addition, by inhibiting the maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), IL-10 preserves their ability for antigen uptake while simultaneously hampering their migration to draining lymph nodes. This review suggests that this "antigen-loading" phase might constitute an important component of the innate immune reaction to a pathogen. Additional proinflammatory stimuli might subsequently lead to maturation of "loaded" APCs that could migrate to draining lymph nodes or recruit and activate adaptive immune effectors locally.     

Identifying recent HIV infections using the avidity index and an automated enzyme immunoassay

We evaluated a procedure for identifying recent HIV infections, using sequential serum samples from 47 HIV-positive persons for whom the seroconversion date could be accurately estimated. Each serum sample was divided into two aliquots: one diluted with phosphate-buffered saline and the other diluted with 1 M guanidine. We assayed the aliquots with the automated AxSYM HIV1/2gO test (Abbott Diagnostics Division), without modifying the manufacturer's protocol. We then calculated the avidity index (AI): the ratio of the sample/cutoff value for the guanidine aliquot to that of the phosphate-buffered saline aliquot. We analyzed 216 serum samples: 34 samples were collected within 6 months of seroconversion (recent seroconversions), and 182 were collected after 6 months. The mean AIs, by time from seroconversion, were 0.68 +/- 0.16 (within 6 months) and 0.98 +/- 0.10 (after 6 months) (P < 0.0001). AI of <0.90 correctly identified 88.2% of recent infections but misclassified as recent infections 13.2% of serum samples collected afterward. The probability of an infection being classified as recent and having AI of > or = 0.90 would be 0.7% in a population with 5% recent infections. AI can identify with a certain degree of accuracy recent HIV infections, and being a quantitative index, it provides different levels of sensitivity and specificity, depending on the selected cutoff value. The standard assay procedure is not modified. This test is simple and inexpensive and could be used for surveillance, decision-making in treatment, and prevention.     

Information security concepts and practices: the case of a provincial multi-specialty hospital

In recent years, major and widely accepted information security understandings and achievements confirm that the problem is complex. They clarify that technologies are fundamental tools, but management processes have even bigger relevance, as also prestigious international magazines dossier clearly explained recently. Such a magazine attention outlines the wide impact that the subject has on watchful decision makers. ISO17799 is an emerging standard in information security. In principle there are no reasons for considering it not applicable to the health care sector. In practice, because of both the just conceptual level of the standard and the peculiarities of the health care data and institutions, a lot of analysis and design work need to be invested any time a health care institution decides to deal with the subject. CEN/ENV 12924 is another emerging standard certainly more on the spot of the health care. Nevertheless, it also asks for evident further investigation. The practical case of information security design, implementation, management, and auditing inside a multi-specialty provincial Italian hospital will be described.     

TCV-309, a novel platelet activating factor antagonist,inhibits leukocyte accumulation and protects against splanchnic artery occlusion shock

The aim of this study was to evaluate: (1) the accumulation of leukocytes in the ileum and the lung during splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock; (2) the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) in this phenomenon. Untreated anesthetized rats subjected to total occlusion of the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries for 45 min, followed by reperfusion, uniformly died within 90 min after reperfusion. The mean survival time was 93±7 min. The neutrophilic infiltrate was quantitated in the ileum and in the lung using a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. MPO activity in the ileum and in the lung averaged 0.05±0.03 and 0.4±0.02 U×10^–3/g protein in animals killed before occlusion. MPO activity did not change in rats killed immediately before reperfusion and was significantly elevated (0.11±0.02 and 1.7±0.6 U×10^–3/g protein in the ileum and the lung, respectively) in those killed 80 min after the beginning of the reperfusion. The histological examination confirmed the accumulation of leukocytes in the mucosa of the ileum and the lung over the 80 min. SAO shocked rats exhibited leukopenia and increased serum levels of TNF-. In order to evaluate the role of PAF and TNF- in SAO shock, a powerful PAF receptor antagonist, TCV-309 (5 g/kg i.v.), was injected 5 min after reperfusion. TCV-309 increased survival time, lowered serum TNF-, reduced MPO activity in both the ileum and the lung and ameliorated leukopenia induced by SAO shock. In addition, the drug significantly reduced ileal necrosis and pulmonary morphological alterations induced by shock. These results suggest an important role for PAF in the adhesion of leukocytes in SAO shock.     

Trisomy 8 in myelodysplasia and acute leukemia is constitutional in 15-20% of cases.

The trisomy 8 found in malignancies may derive from a constitutional trisomy 8 mosaicism (CT8M), and in these cases the trisomy itself may be regarded as the first mutation in a multistep carcinogenetic process. To assess the frequency of CT8M in hematological dysplastic and neoplastic disorders with trisomy 8, an informative sample of 14 patients was collected. The data ascertained included chromosome analyses of fibroblast cultures and of PHA-stimulated blood cultures in patients with normal blood differential count, as well as possible CT8M clinical signs. One patient showed trisomy 8 in all cell types analyzed and undoubtedly has a CT8M; a second patient consistently showed trisomy 8 in PHA-stimulated blood cultures when no immature myeloid cells were present in blood and should be considered as having CT8M; a third patient, with Philadelphia-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia, was more difficult to interpret, but the possibility that she had CT8M is likely. A few clinical signs of CT8M were also present in these three patients. Our data indicate that the frequency of CT8M in hematological dysplastic and neoplastic disorders with trisomy 8 is approximately 15-20%.     

Mucin is produced by clara cells in the proximal airways of antigen-challenged mice

Airway mucus hypersecretion is a prominent feature of many obstructive lung diseases. We thus determined the ontogeny and exocytic phenotype of mouse airway mucous cells. In naive mice, ciliated (approximately 40%) and nonciliated (approximately 60%) epithelial cells line the airways, and > 95% of the nonciliated cells are Clara cells that contain Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP). Mucous cells comprise < 5% of the nonciliated cells. After sensitization and a single aerosol antigen challenge, alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff's positive mucous cell numbers increase dramatically, appearing 6 h after challenge (21% of nonciliated/nonbasal cells), peaking from Days 1-7 (99%), and persisting at Day 28 (65%). Throughout the induction and resolution of mucous metaplasia, ciliated and Clara cell numbers identified immunohistochemically change only slightly. Intracellular mucin content peaks at Day 7, and mucin expression is limited specifically to a Clara cell subset in airway generations 2-4 that continue to express CCSP. Functionally, Clara cells are secretory cells that express the regulated exocytic marker Rab3D and, in antigen-challenged mice, rapidly secrete mucin in response to inhaled ATP in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, Clara cells show great plasticity in structure and secretory products, yet have molecular and functional continuity in their identity as specialized apical secretory cells.