全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8746篇 |
免费 | 560篇 |
国内免费 | 57篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 61篇 |
儿科学 | 200篇 |
妇产科学 | 122篇 |
基础医学 | 820篇 |
口腔科学 | 173篇 |
临床医学 | 777篇 |
内科学 | 2240篇 |
皮肤病学 | 80篇 |
神经病学 | 1185篇 |
特种医学 | 283篇 |
外科学 | 1572篇 |
综合类 | 21篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 363篇 |
眼科学 | 226篇 |
药学 | 463篇 |
中国医学 | 13篇 |
肿瘤学 | 763篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 124篇 |
2022年 | 207篇 |
2021年 | 391篇 |
2020年 | 230篇 |
2019年 | 300篇 |
2018年 | 308篇 |
2017年 | 236篇 |
2016年 | 272篇 |
2015年 | 286篇 |
2014年 | 412篇 |
2013年 | 494篇 |
2012年 | 760篇 |
2011年 | 708篇 |
2010年 | 362篇 |
2009年 | 362篇 |
2008年 | 542篇 |
2007年 | 528篇 |
2006年 | 545篇 |
2005年 | 452篇 |
2004年 | 406篇 |
2003年 | 359篇 |
2002年 | 308篇 |
2001年 | 62篇 |
2000年 | 56篇 |
1999年 | 62篇 |
1998年 | 41篇 |
1997年 | 39篇 |
1996年 | 47篇 |
1995年 | 28篇 |
1994年 | 34篇 |
1993年 | 28篇 |
1992年 | 39篇 |
1991年 | 37篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 34篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 20篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 27篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 10篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有9363条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Cellular uptake and metabolic reduction of pentavalent to trivalent arsenic as determinants of cytotoxicity and morphological transformation 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Bertolero Federico; Pozzi Giovanni; Sabbioni Enrico; Saffiotti Umberto 《Carcinogenesis》1987,8(6):803-808
Cytotoxicity, morphological neoplastic transformation, cellularuptake and metabolic reduction were determined in BALB/3T3 CIA31-1-1 cells for trivalent arsenic (sodium arsenite, As3+)and for pentavalent arsenic (sodium arsenate, As5+). The levelsof cellular uptake of73As-labelled sodium arsenite and arsenatewere dose-dependent and highest in the first hour. At equimolarconcentration (3 x 106 M), cellular uptake was 4-foldhigher for As3+ than for As5+. Cytotoxicity was higher for As3+than for As5+, but when correlated to total As cell burden itshowed no significant difference for the two forms. Morphologicaltransformation focus assays showed transforming activity forboth As3+ and As5+, with relative transformation frequenciesalso of 4:1. Recovery from the cytosol after exposure for 124h was >90% for either form of absorbed As. Exposure to As3+yielded 100% as As3+ in cytosol, but exposure to As5+ yielded>70% as As3+, showing a high rate of intracellular metabolicreduction. No methylated metabolites were detected by ion-exchangechromatography. After 24-h incubation in cell-free medium, oxidationof As3+ to As5+ occurred up to 30% of the dose, but incubationin the presence of cells lowered the oxidation level to 4%.As5+ was recovered unchanged from cell-free medium (24-h incubation),but in the presence of the cells it yielded up to 5% as As3+within 24 h and the cumulative release of As3+ by cells exposedto As5+ was dose-dependent. Glutathione depletion by diethylmaleateinhibited reduction of As5+ to As3+ by these cells up to 25%of controls, showing that As5+ reduction is partly dependenton glutathione. These results suggest that As3+ is the formresponsible for the cytotoxic and transforming effects, independentlyof the valence state of the inorganic arsenic in the culturemedium. 相似文献
62.
Paula Francekovi Lucía García-Torralba Eleni Sakoulogeorga Tea Vu
kovi Federico J. A. Perez-Cueto 《Nutrients》2021,13(4)
The meat production industry is one of the leading contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. Cultured meat presents itself as a potential eco- and animal-friendly meat substitute which has the potential to eradicate animal cruelty and reduce both the environmental footprint and the risk of zoonotic illnesses, while delivering a nutrient-dense product. The purpose of this study was to investigate how consumers perceive cultured meat and if the frequency of meat consumption is related to their intention of trying or purchasing cultured meat. Data were collected online in 2020 from Croatia, Greece, and Spain. Among the 2007 respondents, three segments were identified according to meat consumption and variety, plus an a priori identified group of “non-meat eaters”. Sixty percent perceived cultured meat as kind to animals, 57% as unnatural, 45% as healthy and environmentally-friendly, 21% as disgusting, and only 16% as tasty. Although 47% of the respondents had not heard of cultured meat before, 47% would taste it and 41% would purchase it for the same price as conventional meat. This indicates that consumers from Croatia, Greece and Spain might be likely to purchase cultured meat if sold at an affordable price. 相似文献
63.
Marcello Dallio Mario Romeo Antonietta Gerarda Gravina Mario Masarone Tiziana Larussa Ludovico Abenavoli Marcello Persico Carmelina Loguercio Alessandro Federico 《Nutrients》2021,13(5)
Metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) represents the predominant hepatopathy and one of the most important systemic, metabolic-related disorders all over the world associated with severe medical and socio-economic repercussions due to its growing prevalence, clinical course (steatohepatitis and/or hepatocellular-carcinoma), and related extra-hepatic comorbidities. To date, no specific medications for the treatment of this condition exist, and the most valid recommendation for patients remains lifestyle change. MAFLD has been associated with metabolic syndrome; its development and progression are widely influenced by the interplay between genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics findings suggest nutrition’s capability, by acting on the individual genetic background and modifying the specific epigenetic expression as well, to influence patients’ clinical outcome. Besides, immunity response is emerging as pivotal in this multifactorial scenario, suggesting the interaction between diet, genetics, and immunity as another tangled network that needs to be explored. The present review describes the genetic background contribution to MAFLD onset and worsening, its possibility to be influenced by nutritional habits, and the interplay between nutrients and immunity as one of the most promising research fields of the future in this context. 相似文献
64.
Luca Boeri Federico Belladelli Paolo Capogrosso Walter Cazzaniga Luigi Candela Edoardo Pozzi Luca Valsecchi Enrico Papaleo Paola Viganò Costantino Abbate Filippo Pederzoli Massimo Alfano Francesco Montorsi Andrea Salonia 《Andrologia》2021,53(1):e13861
A proportion of men are infertile despite having normal medical history/physical examination and normal semen analysis. We aimed to assess whether normal sperm parameters per se account for male factor fertility. 1,957 infertile men were compared with 103 age-comparable fertile controls. Semen analysis was based on 2010 World Health Organization reference criteria. Of all, 12.1% of infertile men and 40.8% of fertile men presented with normal sperm parameters. Among fertile men, 36.9% had isolated sperm abnormalities and 22.3% men showed two or more concomitant sperm abnormalities. Serum total testosterone was higher in infertile men with normal sperm parameters compared to those with ≥2 sperm abnormalities or azoospermia, but similar to those with isolated sperm abnormalities (p ≤ .001). Circulating hormones were similar among sperm parameters groups in fertile men. At multivariable analyses, testicular volume (OR 1.12, p ≤ .001) and FSH (OR 0.8, p ≤ .001) were associated with normal sperm parameters. Overall, the longer the infertility period, the greater the number of sperm parameters abnormalities (p < .01). In conclusion, we found that 12% of infertile men and only 41% of fertile men present with normal sperm parameters. Normal sperm parameters per se do not reliably account for fertility in the real-life setting. 相似文献
65.
Riccardo Schiavina Matteo Droghetti Giacomo Novara Lorenzo Bianchi Caterina Gaudiano Valeria Panebianco Marco Borghesi Pietro Piazza Federico Mineo Bianchi Marco Guerra Beniamino Corcioni Michelangelo Fiorentino Francesca Giunchi Paolo Verze Cristian Pultrone Rita Golfieri Angelo Porreca Vincenzo Mirone Eugenio Brunocilla 《Urologic oncology》2021,39(7):433.e1-433.e7
BackgroundWe aim to evaluate the impact of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and fusion-target biopsy for early reclassification of patients with low-risk Prostate Cancer in a randomized trial.Materials and methodsBetween 2015 and 2018, patients diagnosed with Prostate Cancer after random biopsy fulfilling PRIAS criteria were enrolled and centrally randomized (1:1 ratio) to study group or control group. Patients randomized to study group underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging at 3 months from enrollment: patients with positive findings (PIRADS-v2>2) underwent fusion-target biopsy; patients with negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging or confirmed ISUP - Grade Group 1 at fusion-target biopsy were managed according to PRIAS schedule and 12-core random biopsy was performed at 12 months. Patients in control group underwent PRIAS protocol, including a confirmatory 12-core random biopsy at 12 months. Primary endpoint was a reduction of reclassification rate at 12-month random biopsy in study group at least 20% less than controls. Reclassification was defined as biopsy ISUP Grade Group 1 in >2 biopsy cores or disease upgrading.ResultsA total of 124 patients were randomized to study group (n = 62) or control group (n = 62). Around 21 of 62 patients (34%) in study group had a positive multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, and underwent fusion-target biopsy, with 11 (17.7%) reclassifications. Considering the intention-to-treat population, reclassification rate at 12-month random biopsy was 6.5% for study group and 29% for control group, respectively (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe early employment of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for active surveillance patients enrolled after random biopsy consents to significantly reduce reclassifications at 12-month random biopsy. 相似文献
66.
Federico G. Usuelli Cristian Indino Alberto Leardini Luigi Manzi Maurizio Ortolani Paolo Caravaggi 《Foot and Ankle Surgery》2021,27(2):150-155
BackgroundIn severe cases of ankle and subtalar arthritis, arthrodesis of the subtalar joint is performed in combination with ankle arthroplasty. In these special cases gait analysis reveals real motion at the replaced tibiotalar joint.MethodsTwenty-three patients affected by ankle and subtalar arthritis, treated either with a 3-component or a 2-component prosthesis in combination with subtalar arthrodesis, were clinically evaluated preoperatively and at a minimum of 1-year follow-up. Gait analysis was performed postoperatively using a multi-segment foot protocol. Foot kinematics were compared to corresponding data from a healthy control group.ResultsClinical scores significantly improved from preoperative to follow-up. The clinically measured passive ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion significantly improved at the follow-up. Patients’ normalized walking speed and stride length were significantly lower than those in control. With exception of the ankle frontal-plane motion, sagittal-plane mobility of foot joints was about 50% than that in healthy joints.ConclusionsImprovement in clinical scores was found for both prostheses. Normal spatio-temporal parameters were not restored. In these patients, fusion of the subtalar joint appeared to be compensated by larger frontal-plane motion at the tibiotalar joint.Level of evidenceLevel III- retrospective comparative study.The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee as protocol MAT (protocol registration at clinicaltrials.gov NCT03356951). 相似文献
67.
Markus Walther Victor Valderrabano Martin Wiewiorski Federico Giuseppe Usuelli Martinus Richter Tiago Soares Baumfeld Johanna Kubosch Oliver Gottschalk Udo Wittmann 《Foot and Ankle Surgery》2021,27(3):236-245
BackgroundThe aim of this study is to systematically review the literature on clinical outcomes of patients who have undergone autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCL) and compare the studies’ outcomes.MethodsPubmed and Embase were searched in January 2020 for articles concerning OCL surgery. Studies were included if they had a minimum 1-year follow-up and the primary measures were functional outcomes. The meta-analysis compared the Visual Analogic Score (VAS), the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS), and the Foot Function Index (FFI) between baseline and follow-up of 1?2 years, and 3?5 years. A random effects model was used to evaluate outcome changes.ResultsThe search returned 15 studies, with a total of 492 patients. The VAS improved 4.45 and 4.6 points from baseline to the 1?2 year and 3?5 year follow-up, respectively (p < 0.001). AOFAS improved 31.59 and 32.47 points from baseline to the 1?2 year and 3?5 year follow-up, respectively (p < 0.001). The FFI showed a significant improvement of 30.93 points from baseline to year 3?5 (p < 0.001). A total of 6 patients with revision surgeries have been reported within the follow up period. It was not possible to correlate clinical features like lesion size, surgical approach, and bone marrow stimulation technique to the reported outcome.ConclusionSurgical treatment of OCL via the AMIC procedure provided significant improvement in the functional outcome and pain scores when compared to the pre-operative values. Improvements were observed up to 5 years post-operatively. 相似文献
68.
Olasveengen Theresa M. Semeraro Federico Ristagno Giuseppe Castren Maaret Handley Anthony Kuzovlev Artem Monsieurs Koenraad G. Raffay Violetta Smyth Michael Soar Jasmeet Svavarsdóttir Hildigunnur Perkins Gavin D. 《Notfall & Rettungsmedizin》2021,24(4):386-405
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin - Der Europäische Rat für Wiederbelebung hat diese Leitlinie – Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung – auf Grundlage des... 相似文献
69.
Ostinelli Edoardo G. D’Agostino Armando Pesce Luisa Zangani Caroline Miragoli Paolo Durbano Federico Biffi Giuseppe Mencacci Claudio Scarone Silvio Gambini Orsola 《Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften》2021,29(6):1343-1355
Journal of Public Health - Neighbourhood composition is considered a social determinant of mental health that can be addressed by policymakers to improve outcomes. Deprived neighbourhoods typically... 相似文献
70.
Mengyun Hu Samuele Notarbartolo Mathilde Foglierini Sandra Jovic Federico Mele David Jarrossay Antonio Lanzavecchia Antonino Cassotta Federica Sallusto 《European journal of immunology》2023,53(2):2250190
T follicular helper (TFH) cells play an essential role in promoting B cell responses and antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC). A subset of memory CD4+ T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR5 has been described in human blood as phenotypically and clonally related to GC TFH cells. However, the antigen specificity and relationship of these circulating TFH (cTFH) cells with other memory CD4+ T cells remain poorly defined. Combining antigenic stimulation and T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ sequencing, we found T cells specific to tetanus toxoid (TT), influenza vaccine (Flu), or Candida albicans (C.alb) in both cTFH and non-cTFH subsets, although with different frequencies and effector functions. Interestingly, cTFH and non-cTFH cells specific for C.alb or TT had a largely overlapping TCR Vβ repertoire while the repertoire of Flu-specific cTFH and non-cTFH cells was distinct. Furthermore, Flu-specific but not C.alb-specific PD-1+ cTFH cells had a “GC TFH-like” phenotype, with overexpression of IL21, CXCL13, and BCL6. Longitudinal analysis of serial blood donations showed that Flu-specific cTFH and non-cTFH cells persisted as stable repertoires for years. Collectively, our study provides insights on the relationship of cTFH with non-cTFH cells and on the heterogeneity and persistence of antigen-specific human cTFH cells. 相似文献