Breastfeeding by Aboriginal mothers in Perth

Objective: To document the breastfeeding practices of Aboriginal mothers delivering in Perth. Design and methods: A cohort of mothers was followed from the time of delivery for six months to obtain details of infant feeding practices. Subjects: A total of 455 mothers delivered during the study period and were asked to participate. A total of 425 mothers completed the initial questionnaire. Setting: The study was undertaken in six public hospitals in Perth, Western Australia. Data analyses: The data were analysed using spss . Breastfeeding duration was calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Main outcome measures: Breastfeeding initiation and duration. Results: The mean age of the Aboriginal mothers was 21.8 years (range 14–39 years, SD 5.32) and the average gestational age was 38.3 weeks. Almost 50% of the mothers in the study delivered by Caesarean section. At discharge from hospital 89.4% (CI 86.6–92.1) of mothers were breastfeeding, declining to 58.8% (CI 53.5–64.1) at six months. When compared with non‐Aboriginal mothers, the Aboriginal breastfeeding rates were higher than the non‐Aboriginal average breastfeeding rates, but lower than the highest socioeconomic group. Conclusions: The breastfeeding rates of Aboriginal mothers are higher than for other Australians. This is despite the low maternal age and level of education and the high rates of low‐birth‐weight infants and Caesarean section among this population. The World Health Organization recommendation for infant feeding is exclusive breastfeeding until six months, but less than one‐third of Aboriginal mothers achieved this recommendation.     

Experimentally induced ileal ulcers in rats. A model to study non-specific inflammatory bowel disease

A surgical technique was used to establish chronic intestinal ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats. A 2-cm-long segment of the distal ileum was excised and left attached on the mesentery. The ileum was reanastomosed. The excluded ileal segment formed a 'cyst' of various sizes. Initially, the anastomoses healed well, but after 6-8 weeks para-anastomotic ulcers developed in more than 50% of the rats. Histopathology showed a chronic inflammatory reaction with a predominance of mononuclear cells and increased numbers of eosinophilic granulocytes. The surface of the ulcers was covered with bacteria. Penetrating ulcers with fistula formation occurred. It is concluded that this experimental model may be useful for time sequential studies of the development of chronic and ulcerative ileitis. It may also be used to study the effect of medical and surgical regimens for the treatment of non-specific chronic inflammatory bowel disease.     

耳穴脉冲刺激对Oddi括约肌张力及肌电活动的影响

目的　探讨耳穴脉冲电刺激治疗胆石症 ,胆绞痛的机制 .方法　选用 15条成年杂种犬 ,进行耳穴体表脉冲刺激与缩胆素 (CCK)对在体狗胆囊张力 ,Oddi括约肌张力及肌电活动影响的对比研究 .结果　耳穴脉冲电刺激对胆囊张力无明显影响 [(1.2 7± 0 .2 6 ) k Pa与 (1.2 4± 0 .2 2 ) k Pa,P<0 .0 5 ],CCK注射液能明显提高胆囊张力 [(1.2 7± 0 .2 6 ) k Pa与 (1.91± 0 .39) k Pa,P<0 .0 5 ],CCK注射液能明显降低Oddi括约肌张力 [(2 .2 4± 0 .5 5 ) k Pa与 (1.5 8± 0 .5 6 ) k Pa,P>0 .0 5 ]及肌电活动 .结论　耳穴脉冲电刺激同 CCK一样 ,均对 Oddi括约肌的张力有显著的降低作用 ,并减少 Oddi括约肌的肌电峰电位爆发波的频率与电压值 ,推测其对胆绞痛有治疗作用 ,并有助于胆结石的排石过程 .     

高分辨率CT对颞部疾病的检查价值

目的：探讨高分辨率CT（HRCT）对颞部疾病的检查价值。方法：对43例颞部疾病患者行常规CT和高分辨率CT（HRCT）检查所获图像对比分析，并讨论HRCT的检查技术和图像后处理。结果：HRCT对病变的显示率及病变引起骨质破坏的程度，病变边缘，轮廓的显示均明显优于常规CT，尤其能清楚显示常规CT难以显示的中耳及内耳的细微结构，结论：高分辨率CT是颞部疾病的首选检查方法，使用高分辨率CT对颞部疾病的检查给临床提供更多，更准确的诊断信息。     

超市连锁店熟食卤味销售的HACCP研究

应用HACCP的原理和方法,对超市连锁店熟食卤味销售进行了危害因素分析,找出了关键控制点(CCP),提出了控制措施,并建议超市连锁店销售非包装熟食卤味时使用密封低温冷藏展示柜。     

Acute effects of serotonin on rat bladder contractility.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to investigate in vitro the effects of serotonin on the rat detrusor. In particular, it examines which drugs inhibit the serotonin-induced detrusor contractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isometric tension changes of isolated rat bladder muscle strips were recorded in an organ bath using a force transducer. Acute effects of serotonin (0.0001-0.01 mM) on resting tension were assessed. Electrical field stimulation (EFS); bethanechol (0.0001-0.01 mM); ATP (1-3 mM)- or KCl (63.5-254 mM)-induced contractions using an application in an organ bath were compared with serotonin-induced contractions. In order to examine the action mechanism of serotonin-induced stimulation, EFS-, bethanechol-, ATP- or KCl-induced contraction on serotonin treatment (0.001 mM) was assessed and serotonin (0.001-0.1 mM) was cumulatively added to the organ bath following preincubation with propranolol, ketanserin, tropisetron, propiverine, sodium nitroprusside or doxazosin. RESULTS: The serotonin-induced response has two phases: an initial transient contraction and a prolonged tonic phase. Serotonin produced a reversible and dose-dependent contraction of the detrusor strips. Responses to bethanechol significantly increased with a concentration of 0.001 mM serotonin (p < 0.05). There was no effect on the responses to ATP, KCl, or EFS on 0.001 mM serotonin. The 5-HT(2) receptor is mainly responsible for serotonin-induced contractions of the detrusor (p < 0.05), while the 5-HT(1) receptor is partially responsible. Doxazosin and propiverine each significantly suppressed the response to serotonin, while sodium nitroprusside and tropisetron each had no effect (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Because the 5-HT(2) antagonist blocked the effect of serotonin-induced bladder contractions and the stimulation of the adrenoreceptors, the 5-HT(2) antagonist seems to improve lower urinary tract symptoms.     

卡托普利对自发性高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖及癌基因和抑癌基因的影响

目的：观察卡托普利（CaP）对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖的作用及对原癌基因及抑癌基因的影响。方法：氚-胸腺嘧啶核苷（3H－TdR）参入，电镜，原位来交及Northernblot杂交。结果：CaP在降低SHR血压同时，能减少VSMC的线粒体，粗面内质网及3H－TdR参入量（P<0.01），并能逆转c－fos，c－myc，c－sis原癌基因mRNA表达增强（P<0.05或0.01），p53抑癌基因mRNA表达减弱（P＜0．01）。结论：Cap能抑制SHR的VSMC增殖，与癌基因调控的分子生物学机制有关。     

PPD为丝裂源作淋巴细胞转化试验对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值

以结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(PPD)为丝裂源作淋巴细胞转化试验,检测结核性(17例)和非结核性(14例)胸膜炎患者的外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)和胸腔积液淋巴细胞(PEL)对PPD 的反应性。结果显示:结核性胸膜炎患者无论PPD 皮试是阳性还是阴性,其PEL 的PPD 刺激指数(PPD-SI)都显著高于PBL(P 分别<0.001与<0.01);结核性PEL 的PPD-SI 显著高于非结核性PEL(P<0.001)。提示PPD 胸腔积液淋巴细胞转化试验可作为诊断结核性胸膜炎的有效方法。     

透明质酸钠玻璃体腔内充填在严重开放性眼球损伤治疗中的应用

目的 研究透明质酸钠玻璃体腔内充填对严重开放性眼球损伤预后的影响。方法 在严重开放性眼球损伤一期手术缝合后玻璃体腔内充填透明质酸钠至眼压Tn。结果 用透明质酸钠在玻璃体腔内充填，眼球萎缩的发生率（6．67％）明显低于用BSS液充填的发生率（70．58％）。结论 透明质酸钠玻璃体腔内充填在严重开放性眼球损伤治疗中的应用对眼球外形维持和视功能恢复有重要作用。     

Hypoxia effects on vascular endothelial growth factor derived epithelial cells of nasal polyps]

OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of nasal mucous epithelial cells to hypoxia in early stage of nasal polyps(NP) formation. METHODS: Epithelial cells of NP and inferior turbinate (IT) were cultured without serum under normal oxygen and hypoxia, and stimulus of inflammatory cytokines. Erythropoietin (EPO) was regarded as hypoxia mark, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) mRNA and protein derived from epithelial cells were detected respectively by in situ hybridization and ELISA. RESULTS: 1. Under hypoxia, EPO mRNA was expressed intensely in epithelial cells from NP and IT, and there was no significant difference between both of them. This result suggested that EPO might be regarded as a hypoxic mark. 2. The ability of producing VEGF mRNA increased with cytokines stimulation, especially under hypoxia. Protein level of VEGF from epithelial cells of NP and IT increased with cytokines stimulation, especially in hypoxia and was time-dependent. CONCLUSION: Epithelial cells actively produce vast VEGF under hypoxia. The VEGF induced by hypoxia of the mucosa in middle meatus is of importance in the formation of nasal polyps(NP) in early stage, which may be the major cause of NP formation in middle meatus.