Objective:
To find an association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 alleles frequencies in a sample of Iraqi patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and compare with a healthy control group.
Methods:
We performed a cross-sectional study consisting of 30 Iraqi Arab patients with GBS attending the Neurological Department in the Neuroscience Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between September 2012 and June 2013. The control group comprised 42 apparently healthy volunteers. Human leukocyte antigen genotyping for HLA DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers method. The allele frequencies were compared across both groups. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II HLA-DR genotyping and serotyping were performed by software analysis.
Results:
We found increased frequencies of HLA genotype DRB1*03:01 (
p=0.0009), DRB1*07:01 (
p=0.0015), and DRB4*01:01 (
p<0.0001) in patients with GBS compared with healthy controls. The HLA DR6 was increased in the control group (
p<0.0001).
Conclusions:
Our results suggest an association between HLA-DRB1*03:01, DRB1*07:01, DRB4*01:01, and HLA DR3, DR7 and a susceptibility to GBS.Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy that is autoimmune in nature, and manifests as a rapidly evolving reflexic motor paralysis with or without sensory disturbance and autonomic system involvement.
1 Guillain-Barré syndrome is subdivided into the most common type, which is the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), and an axonal variant, which is subdivided into 2 subtypes: acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), and an acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN).
2-
4 There is an additional rare third type, which is Miller Fischer syndrome that accounts for only 5% of cases. The GBS prevalence is between 0.6-4/100.000 /year,
5 with age range from 2 months to 95 years.
6 Most patients are between 15-50 years.
7,
8 The autoimmune nature of the disease is triggered by a nonself-antigen (infectious agent, vaccine) that attacks gangliosides in the axonal membrane by a molecular mimicry mechanism in axonal GBS, but in AIDP, the specific antigen or antibodies are still uncertain.
8,
9 There is evidence that both cellular and humeral mediated immunity participates in the immune mechanism. The most common infectious agents that participate in the molecular mimicry autoimmune response are
Campylobacter jejuni,
10,
11 cytomegalovirus,
12 Epstein barr virus,
13 and
Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
14Much of the research has focused on finding the high risk predisposition of certain people with an infection to develop GBS evidenced by a twin study, linkage disease, genetic, familial, and HLA study.
15,
16 The HLA antigen system is the name of the loci of genes that encode for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans. These genes reside on chromosome 6, and encode cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins, along with many other functions. The HLAs corresponding to MHC class I (A, B, and C) present peptides from inside, while HLAs corresponding to MHC class II (DP, DM, DOA, DOB, DQ, and DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. The HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.
17 In GBS, there is macrophage activation with circulating activated T-lymphocytes evidenced by augmented expression of histocompatibility antigens (HLA-DR), suggesting that there is an association between GBS and HLA alleles.
15,
16 The HLA typing in GBS was investigated in several studies worldwide suggesting various associations.
15,
16,
18 The aim of the current study is to investigate any association between GBS and HLA-DR.
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