Tuberculosis despite latent infection screening and treatment in patients receiving TNF inhibitor therapy

Clinical Rheumatology - Although latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment is given before anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment, tuberculosis (TB) still develops in these patients and...     

Prognostic value of blood pressure in ambulatory heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ambulatory blood pressure predicts heart failure prognosis

Heart Failure Reviews - Previous primary studies have explored the association between blood pressure (BP) and mortality in ambulatory heart failure (HF) patients reporting varying and contrasting...     

Does the Myocardial Performance Index Affect Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Patients With Mitral Stenosis? A Tissue Doppler Imaging Study

BACKGROUND: The relation between systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and mitral stenosis (MS) has been poorly understood. Although the mitral valve area (MVA) is an important factor affecting the PAP, there is a wide spectrum of the PAP in patients with MS despite a similar MVA. So, we analyzed whether the left and right ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) correlated with the PAP. METHODS: Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was performed in 46 patients with MS. The left atrial diameter, mean mitral gradient, and MVA were measured. The PAP was derived from the tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity. The ejection time (ET), isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), and contraction time (ICT) were measured on annulus of interventricular septum, lateral, inferior and anterior wall of left ventricle, and right ventricle free wall from apical two- and four-chamber views in patients with MS and 40 age-matched healthy patients by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Then the MPI was calculated as (IRT + ICT)/ET for both left and right ventricle. The correlation of PAP with MVA, mean mitral gradient, left atrial diameter, and left and right ventricular MPI was evaluated. RESULTS: MVA and PAP were measured as 1.57 +/- 0.39 cm2 (0.8-2.5 cm2)and 42 +/- 16 mmHg, respectively. It was determined that the MPI increased in patients with MS(0.59 +/- 0.1 vs 0.48 +/- 0.07, P < 0.001). It was also demonstrated that the MVA, left atrial diameter, mean diastolic gradient, and left ventricular MPI were correlated with PAP(r =-0.39 [P = 0.007], r = 0.43 [P = 0.003], r = 0.58 [P < 0.001], and r = 0.65 [P < 0.001], respectively). In multivariate analysis, although the PAP correlated with mean diastolic gradient and MPI (r = 0.39 [P = 0.013], and r = 0.48 [P < 0.001]), it did not correlate with left atrial diameter and MVA. The PAP also correlated with right ventricular MPI(r = 0.63 [P < 0.001]). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the left ventricular MPI obtained by TDI is an important marker of PAP, and right ventricular MPI correlates with the PAP in patients with MS.     

Safety and efficacy of angiography-guided stent placement in small native coronary arteries of < 3.0 mm in diameter

Background and hypothesis: Increased operator experience, greater insight in stent deployment techniques, and improved poststent medication regimen have significantly reduced the risk of thrombotic stent closure following stent placement in large coronary arteries ( 3.0 mm in diameter). Whether equally favorable results are afforded by stent placement in small vessels (> 3.0 mm), however, remains unclear. Accordingly, the aim of this study was the specific examination of the risk of stent placement in small native coronary vessels, using stent deployment technique consisting of supplementary dilatations with larger balloons or high-pressure inflations, and aggressive aspirin-ticlopidine and short-term oral anticoagulation poststent therapy. Methods: Forty-seven balloon-expandable stents (20 Gianturco-Roubin, 21 NIR, 6 Palmaz-Schatz) were successfully implanted without intravascular guidance in 45 native coronary arteries (mean reference diameter of 2.5 mm) in 44 consecutive patients (31 men, 13 women), the majority of whom (87%) were stented for the treatment of failed or suboptimal balloon angioplasty outcome. Results: Successful stent placement reduced the lesion diameter stenosis from 91 ± 9% to 3 ± 7% (p = 0.0001). There were no early stent thrombosis or major cardiovascular events prior to hospital discharge. During a 12-month follow-up period, most patients remained symptomatically improved and no myocardial infarction, stroke, or death was observed. Five-month angiographic reassessment revealed an in-stent restenosis rate of 41%, which was higher in vessels 2.5 mm in size (47 vs. 33% for vessels > 2.5 mm, p = 0.2747). Conclusions: In selected patients with small native coronary vessels < 3.0 mm in diameter, angiography-guided optimal stent placement is associated with a low risk of stent thrombosis and bleeding complications. However, the in-stent restenosis rate is high with the stents used in this study.     

Lipid abnormalities and renal disease: is dyslipidemia a predictor of progression of renal disease?

Dyslipidemia is a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor that is associated with enhanced atherosclerosis and plaque instability. Renal insufficiency is associated with abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism in both the early and the advanced stages of chronic renal failure. These include alterations in apolipoprotein A (apo A)- and B- containing lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides. In animal models, these alterations in lipid metabolism and action lead to macrophage activation and infiltration in the kidney with resultant tubulointerstitial and endothelial cell injury. Limited data in humans suggest that, in addition to contributing to CVD, dyslipidemia may be a risk factor for the progression of renal disease. The effects of dyslipidemia on the kidney are mainly observed in those with other risk factors for renal disease progression such as hypertension, diabetes, and proteinuria. Renal disease is a strong risk factor for CVD and African Americans have high rates of renal disease. Therefore, examining the effects of dyslipidemia on the development or progression or renal disease will be an important question for the Jackson Heart Study and is the topic of this review.     

Repeated Remissions of Cushing's Disease Due to Recurrent Infarctions of an ACTH-Producing Pituitary Macroadenoma

Infarction of prolactin-secreting or growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas is not unusual. However, Infarction of ACTH-secreting adenomas has rarely been reported. Cyclical course of Cushing's syndrome alternating with adrenal insufficiency due to recurrent infarction of an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma has not been reported. We report here a 20-year-old lady who presented with florid signs of Cushing's syndrome but was found to have adrenal insufficiency on biochemical evaluation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland showed that she had infarction of an ACTH-secreting macroadenoma. Over the next 6 years, her disease ran a cyclical course characterized by periods of hypercortisolism alternating with adrenal insufficiency due to repeated episodes of infarctions of the ACTH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma with corresponding changes in the pituitary adenoma on serial MRIs. The case alerts clinicians to this possibility when a patient presents with clinical picture of Cushing's syndrome but has adrenal insufficiency on biochemical testing. It also suggests that silent or subclinical infarction of pituitary adenomas is not uncommon and is probably under diagnosed.     

激素敏感脂酶基因高度表达对泡沫细胞形成的作用

中国仓鼠卵细胞在给予β－ＶＬＤＬ后，细胞内蓄积胆固醇酯，形成泡沫样细胞。以腺病毒基因转移方法书激素敏感脂酶基因转染到中国仓鼠卵细胞中，得到了来自激素敏感脂酶的胆固醇酯水解活性高度表达，此时，β－ＶＬＤＬ导致的胆固醇酯蓄积作用被阻断，提示增加胆固醇酯水解可以防止泡沫细胞形成。     

Mood and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation as a potential endophenotype’ in bipolar disorder

It has been commonly recognized that circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle are causally involved in bipolar disorder. There has been a paucity of systematic research considering the relations between sleep and mood states in bipolar disorder. The current study examines the possible influences of sleep deprivation on mood states and endocrine functions among first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Blood samples were taken at two time points in the consecutive mornings at predeprivation and postdeprivation periods. Participants simultaneously completed the Profiles of Mood States at two time points after giving blood samples. Plasma T3 and TSH levels increased after total sleep deprivation in both groups. Sleep deprivation induced TSH levels were reversely associated with depression–dejection among healthy controls. A paradoxical effect was detected for only the first-degree relatives of the patients that changes in plasma cortisol levels negatively linked to depression–dejection and anger–hostility scores after total sleep deprivation. Plasma DHEA levels became correlated with vigor-activity scores after sleep deprivation among first-degree relatives of bipolar patients. On the contrary, significant associations of depression–dejection, anger–hostility, and confusion–bewilderment with the baseline plasma DHEA levels became statistically trivial in the postdeprivation period. Findings suggested that first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder had completely distinct characteristics with respect to sleep deprivation induced responses in terms of associations between endocrine functions and mood states as compared to individuals whose relatives had no psychiatric problems. Considering the relationships between endocrine functions and mood states among relatives of the patients, it appears like sleep deprivation changes the receptor sensitivity which probably plays a pivotal role on mood outcomes among the first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder.     

Roles of PINK1, mTORC2, and mitochondria in preserving brain tumor-forming stem cells in a noncanonical Notch signaling pathway

The self-renewal versus differentiation choice of Drosophila and mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) requires Notch (N) signaling. How N regulates NSC behavior is not well understood. Here we show that canonical N signaling cooperates with a noncanonical N signaling pathway to mediate N-directed NSC regulation. In the noncanonical pathway, N interacts with PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) to influence mitochondrial function, activating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)/AKT signaling. Importantly, attenuating noncanonical N signaling preferentially impaired the maintenance of Drosophila and human cancer stem cell-like tumor-forming cells. Our results emphasize the importance of mitochondria to N and NSC biology, with important implications for diseases associated with aberrant N signaling.