全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9614篇 |
免费 | 443篇 |
国内免费 | 67篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 23篇 |
儿科学 | 222篇 |
妇产科学 | 105篇 |
基础医学 | 1324篇 |
口腔科学 | 272篇 |
临床医学 | 534篇 |
内科学 | 2206篇 |
皮肤病学 | 454篇 |
神经病学 | 815篇 |
特种医学 | 421篇 |
外科学 | 2033篇 |
综合类 | 34篇 |
预防医学 | 275篇 |
眼科学 | 102篇 |
药学 | 464篇 |
中国医学 | 26篇 |
肿瘤学 | 814篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 50篇 |
2022年 | 125篇 |
2021年 | 232篇 |
2020年 | 124篇 |
2019年 | 167篇 |
2018年 | 233篇 |
2017年 | 163篇 |
2016年 | 168篇 |
2015年 | 234篇 |
2014年 | 293篇 |
2013年 | 329篇 |
2012年 | 521篇 |
2011年 | 533篇 |
2010年 | 302篇 |
2009年 | 261篇 |
2008年 | 437篇 |
2007年 | 480篇 |
2006年 | 490篇 |
2005年 | 468篇 |
2004年 | 499篇 |
2003年 | 497篇 |
2002年 | 505篇 |
2001年 | 270篇 |
2000年 | 273篇 |
1999年 | 243篇 |
1998年 | 146篇 |
1997年 | 109篇 |
1996年 | 121篇 |
1995年 | 93篇 |
1994年 | 96篇 |
1993年 | 62篇 |
1992年 | 169篇 |
1991年 | 149篇 |
1990年 | 133篇 |
1989年 | 128篇 |
1988年 | 117篇 |
1987年 | 82篇 |
1986年 | 81篇 |
1985年 | 93篇 |
1984年 | 66篇 |
1983年 | 61篇 |
1982年 | 32篇 |
1981年 | 29篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1979年 | 58篇 |
1977年 | 36篇 |
1974年 | 49篇 |
1973年 | 32篇 |
1972年 | 30篇 |
1971年 | 29篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Akiko Shiotani Hiroaki Kusunoki Yoshiki Kimura Mnabu Ishii Hiroshi Imamura Ken-ichi Tarumi Noriaki Manabe Tomoari Kamada Jiro Hata Ken Haruma 《Digestive diseases and sciences》2013,58(8):2314-2323
Background
Both ulcerative colitis (UC) and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) are associated with alterations in enteric serotonin (5-HT) signaling.Aims
The purpose of this study was to compare the rectal and sigmoid colonic mucosal expression of S100A proteins and functional polymorphisms of the 5-HT transporter (5HTT) and interleukin-10 genes in patients with IBS-D or UC with healthy controls.Methods
mRNA expression of S100 proteins was measured in sigmoid and rectal biopsies and in rectal epithelium isolated by laser-captured microdissection. Leucocyte DNA was analyzed by PCR-based reaction fragment length polymorphisms and direct sequencing. Clinical symptoms were assessed by the self-rating depression scale and by the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale.Results
Fifty patients with IBS-D, 56 with UC and 50 healthy controls were studied. Colonic mucosal expression of S100A8 and S100A9 in UC was significantly higher than in IBS or controls and correlated with the UC disease activity index (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). S100A10 expression in the rectal epithelium of the IBS patients was significantly higher (0.643 vs. 0.402, p = 0.01) than in controls and correlated with the SDS scores (r = 0.41, p = 0.002). The frequency of IL10-819 CC genotype was significantly higher in IBS-D (10.7 vs. 0 %, p = 0.047) and UC (16 vs. 0 %, p = 0.007) than that in controls.Conclusion
Overexpression of S100A10 in the rectum may play a role in IBS as it is involved in modulating 5-HT1B receptors. The IL10-819 CC is a candidate genotype for both IBS and UC in Japanese. 相似文献992.
Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitor‐1‐Deficient Mice are Susceptible to Osteoarthritis Associated with Enhanced Inflammation 下载免费PDF全文
Shinsuke Kihara Shinya Hayashi Shingo Hashimoto Noriyuki Kanzaki Koji Takayama Tomoyuki Matsumoto Nobuaki Chinzei Kenjiro Iwasa Masahiko Haneda Kazuhiro Takeuchi Kotaro Nishida Ryosuke Kuroda 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2017,32(5):991-1001
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease, and recent data suggested that cell cycle–related proteins play a role in OA pathology. Cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor 1 (p21) regulates activation of other CDKs, and recently, we reported that p21 deficiency induced susceptibility to OA induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery through STAT3‐signaling activation. However, the mechanisms associated with why p21 deficiency led to susceptibility to OA by the STAT3 pathway remain unknown. Therefore, we focused on joint inflammation to determine the mechanisms associated with p21 function during in vitro and in vivo OA progression. p21‐knockout (p21?/?) mice were used to develop an in vivo OA model, and C57BL/6 (p21+/+) mice with the same background as the p21?/? mice were used as controls. Morphogenic changes were measured using micro‐CT, IL‐1β serum levels were detected by ELISA, and histological or immunohistological analyses were performed. Our results indicated that p21‐deficient DMM‐model mice exhibited significant subchondral bone destruction and cartilage degradation compared with wild‐type mice. Immunohistochemistry results revealed p21?/? mice susceptibility to OA changes accompanied by macrophage infiltration and enhanced MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 expression through IL‐1β‐induced NF‐κB signaling. p21?/? mice also showed subchondral bone destruction according to micro‐CT analysis, and cathepsin K staining revealed increased numbers of osteoclasts. Furthermore, p21?/? mice displayed increased serum IL‐1β levels, and isolated chondrocytes from p21?/? mice indicated elevated MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 expression with phosphorylation of IκB kinase complex in response to IL‐1β stimulation, whereas treatment with a specific p‐IκB kinase inhibitor attenuated MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 expression. Our results indicated that p21‐deficient DMM mice were susceptible to alterations in OA phenotype, including enhanced osteoclast expression, macrophage infiltration, and MMP expression through IL‐1β‐induced NF‐κB signaling, suggesting that p21 regulation may constitute a possible therapeutic strategy for OA treatment. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 相似文献
993.
Histological changes of muscle from a 17-month-old boy with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency are presented. The patient had muscle hypotonia, mental retardation, seizures, lactic acidosis and hyperalaninemia. Deficient activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was found in his platelets (about 25% of normal) and of pyruvate dehydrogenase in his biopsied muscle (about 5% of normal). A muscle biopsy specimen showed an increased proportion of type IIC fibers (24%), fiber-type grouping and lipid droplet accumulation. 相似文献
994.
Case of primary hepatic gastrinoma: Diagnostic usefulness of the selective arterial calcium injection test 下载免费PDF全文
Satoshi Ogawa Masaya Wada Masashi Fukushima Naoto Shimeno Satoko Inoue Hobyung Chung Mikio Fujita Yoshiki Suginoshita Akihiko Okada Tetsuro Inokuma Shintaro Yagi Kyo Ito Yukihiro Imai 《Hepatology research》2015,45(7):823-826
Gastrinomas mainly occur in the duodenum and pancreas. Primary hepatic gastrinoma is rare and difficult to diagnose because the liver is a frequent site of metastatic gastrinomas. Clinical factors were assessed in a 28‐year‐old man with diarrhea and heartburn who was hospitalized for recurrent duodenal ulcers. Abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) could not detect a tumor in the duodenum or pancreas. His gastrin level was 846 pg/mL and magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass 12 mm in diameter in the right robe of the liver. A selective intra‐arterial calcium injection (SACI) test and 68‐gallium edotreotide positron emission tomography CT (Ga‐DOTATOC PET‐CT) were therefore performed. Calcium gluconate injection into the proper hepatic artery resulted in a marked increase in serum gastrin concentration in the right hepatic vein, with Ga‐DOTATOC PET‐CT showing uptake only by the liver mass. Following a diagnosis of primary hepatic gastrinoma, the tumor was resected. A histopathological examination indicated gastrinoma. Six months postoperatively, he has no symptoms, is not taking proton‐pump inhibitors and his gastrin level remains within the normal range. The SACI test and the clinical course of this patient strongly suggest that the tumor was a primary hepatic gastrinoma. The SACI test is helpful in the diagnosis of primary hepatic gastrinoma. 相似文献
995.
A case of normotensive primary aldosteronism with hypopituitarism, epilepsy, and medullary sponge kidney 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
T Kuroda K Okamura M Yoshinari H Ikenoue K Sato Y Yamashita S Takishita M Fujishima 《Acta endocrinologica》1989,121(6):797-801
A 55-year-old man with normotensive primary aldosteronism, hypopituitarism, epilepsy, and medullary sponge kidney is reported. Seventeen years before admission, he had been noted to have hypokalemia associated with high potassium clearance, suppressed plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, and normal blood pressure as well as low urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. He kept normotensive in spite of hyperaldosteronism until nine months after the initiation of replacement therapy with glucocorticoid and thyroxine for hypopituitarism, when he became hypertensive. Hypopituitarism seemed to play a role in keeping a normal blood pressure despite long-standing hyperaldosteronism. 相似文献
996.
Tetsuo Shoji Yoshiki Nishizawa 《Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy》2006,10(Z1):S27-S33
Abstract: The risk of cardiovascular death is high in hemodialysis (HD) patients, and thickening, stiffening and calcification of the arterial wall have been shown as its predictive factors. Activated vitamin D preparations are used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in HD patients, but as they increase serum phosphate and calcium concentrations, there is a concern that they promote vascular calcification and, consequently, exacerbate the outcomes. In this article, the effects of vitamin D therapy on survival, cardiac function, arteriosclerosis, immunity, and inflammation are evaluated by reviewing the literature. In HD patients, the risk of death (particularly cardiovascular death) is significantly lower in those treated than in those not treated with vitamin D. Moreover, activated vitamin D improves cardiac function and alleviates cardiac hypertrophy in HD patients. Experimental data in cultured macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells suggest that it has antiatherosclerotic effects. In vivo, the administration of vitamin D improves immune functions and normalizes inflammatory reactions. In HD patients, vascular calcification is related to the dose of calcium carbonate, but its relationship with the administration of vitamin D is not significant. These observations suggest that, contrary to the general concerns, activated vitamin D exerts favorable effects on the cardiovascular system in HD patients as long as it is used in appropriate clinical doses. 相似文献
997.
Kohji Matsushita Kazuo Kitagawa Tomohiro Matsuyama Toshiho Ohtsuki Akihiko Taguchi Kenji Mandai Takuma Mabuchi Yoshiki Yagita Takehiko Yanagihara Masayasu Matsumoto 《Brain research》1996,743(1-2)
The divalent cation zinc has been reported to possess several physiological properties such as blocking apoptotic cell death through an inhibitory effect on Ca2+-Mg2+ endonuclease activity, or modulating the neurotoxicity via glutamate receptor subtypes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of peripherally injected zinc on delayed neuronal death seen in the hippocampus after transient global ischemia, in order to elucidate a possible beneficial role on zinc in ischemic neuronal cell death. Forty-five adult Mongolian gerbils of both sexes underwent transient bilateral clipping of the common carotid arteries for 3 min. In the pretreated animals, ZnCl2 (20 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously once, 1 h before ischemia (superacute group; n=6) or twice at 24 and 48 h before ischemia (subacute group; n=14). Histological survey was carried out 3 days later by in situ DNA fragmentation method and 4 days later by hematoxylin-eosin staining by semiquantatively counting dead neurons in the CA1 sector. Subacute zinc pre-administration significantly reduced the nuclear damage and subsequent neuronal death; however, superacutely pre-administered zinc did not protect hippocampal neurons against ischemia but it did not aggravate the effect of ischemia, either. The present study suggested that transfer of exogenous zinc into the intracellular space is required for neuroprotection, presumably via the anti-endonuclease activity. 相似文献
998.
A 70-year-old Japanese female developed tiny papules on her bilateral ears 2 years previously. A histological study of a biopsy specimen revealed that amorphous materials were present in the widened dermal papillae. Because these materials were positive for both Congo red and Dylon, we diagnosed the lesion as primary cutaneous amyloidosis of the auricular concha. Immunohistochemically, the amyloid substance stained positively with 34betaE12 (cytokeratin 1/5/10/14), suggesting that it had an epidermal origin. Seven reported cases of this unique disorder were also reviewed. 相似文献
999.
Nobuaki Hirata Shigeaki Ohtake Yoshiki Sawa Motonobu Nishimura Yoshitaka Hayashi Hikaru Matsuda 《General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery》1998,46(12):1226-1228
Simultaneous minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were conducted in a 66-year-old man uneventful, requiring no transfusion. Surgery required 9 hours and 2 minutes. The tracheal tube was extubated in the operating room. Postoperative bleeding was 215 ml. The postoperative course was very smooth, with the patient able to walk on postoperative day 1. Postoperative coronary arteriogram and aortogram showed favorable results and the patient was discharged on day 23 after surgery. 相似文献
1000.
Survival after surgical treatment of early gastric cancer: surgical techniques and long-term survival 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Shiro?KikuchiEmail author Natsuya?Katada Shinichi?Sakuramoto Nobuyuki?Kobayashi Hitoshi?Shimao Masahiko?Watanabe Yoshiki?Hiki 《Langenbeck's archives of surgery / Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Chirurgie》2004,389(2):69-74
Background and aims Recent results from long-term follow-up of a large number of patients who have undergone gastric resection for early gastric cancer (EGC) have not yet been fully evaluated.Patients and methods A total of 848 patients who had undergone gastric resection for EGC (262 female, 586 male; mean age 58.0 years; range 20–86 years) were studied with respect to surgical technique, long-term survival and prognostic factors on the basis of current TNM classification.Results Death related to recurrence occurred in only eight patients (0.9%). Hematogenous metastasis to the liver or bone represented the most common pattern of recurrence, developing in six of the eight recurrences (75%). The 5-year and 10-year cancer-related survival rates were 98.6% and 94.8%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 95.2% and 85.0%, respectively. Lymph node metastasis represented an independent prognostic factor when analyzed on the basis of cancer-related survival.Conclusion The present findings indicate that long-term survival of patients who undergo gastric resection for EGC is extremely good and that lymph node metastasis represents an independent prognostic factor when analyzed according to cancer-related survival. Future developments for the treatment of EGC are expected to improve quality of life for patients after gastric resection. 相似文献