Factitious illness in children: the social worker's role in identification and management

Factitious illness in children is a phenomenon that results in adverse consequences for the child. Munchausen by proxy is a factitious disorder, first described by Meadow (1977), in which a parent induces or creates the appearance of illness in the child. This article highlights the importance of social work skills in the identification and management of this syndrome, and proposes a format for decision making at various points in the process.     

Descriptive and comparative analysis of geometrical properties of neuronal tree structures

The morphology of neurons is an important factor for the identification and the study of the changes that occur in the nervous system during development or as a result of disease or an experimental treatment. A number of methods to describe the topological aspects of neuronal morphology is discussed. Furthermore it is illustrated how different groups of neurons can be compared. Although both topological and metrical aspects are considered in the comparative sections emphasis is put on counting instead of measuring. Our intention is to present quick and easy methods that are applicable to camera lucida drawings.     

Hirschsprung's disease in young adults

Hirschsprung's disease is rarely seen in the young adult, and presents unique problems in management because of the massive dilatation and hypertrophy that occur proximal to the aganglionic rectum or the rectosigmoid colon. The diagnosis, which may be suspected by barium enema, is confirmed by suction or full-thickness biopsy of the rectum that may be complemented by anal manometry. Based on our experience with eight patients, a two-stage surgical reconstruction is recommended, with a preliminary sigmoid colostomy through the normally innervated colon and an associated defunctionalized stoma constituting the initial operation. The distal colonic stoma permits cleansing of the caudal colon while the normally innervated proximal colon reverts to near normal caliber, usually within 2 to 6 months. This approach is in accord with the recommendation of Fairgrieve. Reconstruction using a Duhamel or Soave procedure has given good results. The Duhamel procedure seems preferable when a considerable discrepancy remains between the ganglionic and aganglionic segments of rectum.     

Arthroscopy in the treatment of young patients with anterior knee pain

Arthroscopy plays an important role in diagnosis in the management of anterior knee pain and may be used for treating the underlying pathology.     

Factors relating to the sensory acuity of limbs with peripheral vascular insufficiency

We examined several possible causes for the high incidence of poor sensory acuity in the limbs of 176 patients with moderate to severe peripheral vascular insufficiency. We investigated the relationships of diabetes, alcoholism, and smoking, as well as the severity of peripheral vascular disease, to the integrity of basic sensory modalities such as two-point discrimination and perception of light touch. The presence or absence of diabetes exerted the strongest effect on peripheral sensation. In patients who did not have diabetes, sensation in the limbs was most strongly affected by whether the patient was an alcoholic. Smoking did not have a significant effect on limb sensation. Among nondiabetic, nonalcoholic patients, there was a weak residual effect related to the severity of the peripheral vascular insufficiency. Even among these patients, however, systemic factors predominated in determining the loss of sensation. We also examined the extent to which loss of sensation might be related to the development of ulcers. Among patients who were not diabetic, there was a highly significant relationship between loss of sensation and the presence of limb ulceration. Surprisingly, however, there was no discernable relationship between the presence of ulcers in diabetic patients and the degree of loss of peripheral sensation. This result suggests that a large percentage of ulcers seen in diabetic patients are not of neurogenic origin.     

Leuko-araiosis.

Leuko-araiosis is an unspecific radiologic sign, seen with CT scan or with MRI. It can be found as well in normal elderly persons as in pathological conditions. For the sake of clarity, CT scan and MRI images have to be distinguished. CT leuko-araiosis is linked with vascular risk factors and with age. The situation is more complex for MRI leuko-araiosis (likely on account of the higher sensitivity of MRI). Some images (caps and rims), frequently seen in normal, even young, individuals, are more frequent in aging. On the contrary, abnormal images at a distance from the ventricle are more difficult to interpret. Some of them are due to pathological well defined conditions (small infarcts, Binswanger's disease, cysts, plaques). Others may be secondary to remote pathologies (such as infarcts). Others are due to little specific conditions, such as perivascular dilatations ('état criblé' due to brain vasogenic edema, or to brain atrophy whatever its cause, and more frequently seen in the elderly). Other changes, such as incomplete infarction or myelin pallor with gliosis, have been described. At last, in some cases, no clearcut pathological lesion could be found. Leuko-araiosis may be present in primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient to establish the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and it does not seem more frequent than in elderly controls. The mechanism of leuko-araiosis in Alzheimer's disease is likely multifactorial (for example, cerebral atrophy, amyloid angiopathy, associated hypertensive arteriolosclerosis could be involved). The relationship between leuko-araiosis, myelin pallor and white matter atrophy is poorly understood, and remains to be studied.     

High power, low frequency components of cardiac, renal, splenic and vertebral sympathetic nerve activities are uniformly reduced by spinal cord transection

Others have reported that spinal cord transection non-uniformly affects the activities of the cardiac, renal and splenic nerves. We were unable to confirm this finding while recording the wide band (1-1000 Hz) discharges of these sympathetic nerves in baroreceptor-denervated, chloralose-anesthetized cats. Most of the power in nerve discharges was below 6 Hz. There was high coherence between the low frequency discharges of different nerves, and power below 15 Hz was essentially eliminated by spinal transection. Evidence is presented that the disparities between this and past studies are, in part, due to the use of a 30-Hz high-pass filter in the earlier studies.