Resin-infiltrated-dentine--a FE-ESEM microscopy investigation.

The formation of a hybrid layer is essential for bonding of dental composites to dentine. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of various etchants/conditioners and dentine bonding systems on dentine surfaces utilising a Field Emission Environmental SEM (FE-ESEM). Twenty one, freshly extracted human molar teeth were utilised. Dentine without resin application was initially observed both wet and dried in the following conditions: (1) fractured surface, (2) smear layer, and (3) smear layer removed with 37% phosphoric acid. Resin infiltration into dentine was then studied after applying Scotchbond 1, Optibond Solo, Prime & Bond NT, or Prompt L-Pop systems. Scotchbond 1, Optibond Solo, and Prime & Bond NT resins penetrated the dentine tubules and created hybrid layers; although, in some cases Prime & Bond NT only created a partially filled hybrid layer. No polymerised resin or hybrid layer was observed for Prompt L-Pop. The FE-ESEM permitted observation of specimens at near in-vivo wet conditions.     

Promoting critical consciousness and social mobilization in HIV/AIDS programmes: lessons and curricular tools from a South African intervention

The development of critical consciousness is seen as a key stage in communities increasing levels of dialogue about priority problems and effecting structural change for health. However, relatively little research identifies concrete methods for programmes to build critical consciousness. We examined how a South African structural intervention used critical consciousness as a tool for prevention of intimate partner violence and HIV infection. We collected qualitative data in the form of in-depth interviews with managers, trainers, and participants of the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity intervention (IMAGE) in rural South Africa. The data were analysed through a coding structure developed in QSR NVivo. We draw practical lessons from IMAGE to guide other HIV programmes aiming to promoting critical consciousness and social mobilization. This research suggests that specific curricular tools can work towards critical consciousness and that mobilization efforts in future programmes can be strengthened by including individual and collective efforts by participants.     

Exploring task-shifting practices in antiretroviral treatment facilities in the Free State Province, South Africa

There is good progress with the implementation of South Africa's antiretroviral treatment program. The country, however, faces human resource shortages that could be addressed through appropriate task shifting. During 2009, we studied task shifting from nurses to community health workers (CHWs) for HIV treatment and care at 12 primary health-care clinics in Free State Province, South Africa. We found inefficiency in nurse deployment, and nurses spent considerable time on training, counseling, and administrative tasks that could be shifted to CHWs. Such a shift will require the South African Ministry of Health to recognize CHWs formally in the health system.     

景天祛斑片的制备与质量控制

目的制定景天祛斑片的制备工艺,采用高效液相色谱法等建立景天祛斑片的质量控制方法。方法采用浓缩法提取中药有效成分,采用薄层色谱法鉴别其中有效成分。选择何首乌中的2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2—O-β—D-葡萄糖苷作为含量测定的评价指标,并利用高效液相色谱法测定其含量。结果2,3,5,4’-四羟基二苯乙烯-2—O-β—D-葡萄糖苷在2．5～40μg／ml浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9990）,加样回收率和RSD分别为99．1％和0．52％（n=5）。结论景天祛斑片质量稳定,质量控制方法可靠。     

Angiology of the brain of the baboon Papio ursinus,the vervet monkey Cercopithecus pygerithrus,and the bushbaby Galago senegalensis

The investigation was undertaken to compare the blood supply and venous drainage of the brain of the baboon P. ursinus, the vervet monkey C. pygerithrus, and the bushbaby G. senegalensis with that of man, because these animals are extensively used as research models. The blood supply of the three primates was found to be similar in each case. Like man they have a complete circulus arteriosus; but they have a single anterior cerebral artery, whereas man has paired anterior cerebral arteries. The arterial supply to the cerebellum in the primates is similar to that in man, the main difference being a “common inferior cerebellar artery” which bifurcates to form the anterior inferior cerebellar and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. In man, these arteries arise separately from the basilar artery and vertebral arteries, respectively. The dural venous drainage was also found to be similar in these primates but was far more extensive than in man. The primates have additional sinuses–the more important of these being the “basisphenoid sinus” and the petrosquamous sinus. The former drains the basilar sinus and is itself drained via the vertebral venous plexus and internal jugular vein. The latter drains via the petrosquamous foramen into the retromandibular vein. The petrosquamous sinus has a rostral extension which drains through the foramen ovale and two lateral and medial connecting sinuses which drain the cavernous and basilar sinuses, respectively. These sinuses are not found in man.     

Molecular cloning of a cDNA for human alpha-L-fucosidase.

A lambda gt11 human hepatoma cDNA expression library was screened with antibodies to human alpha-L-fucosidase, a lysosomal enzyme whose activity is deficient in the human autosomal recessive disease fucosidosis. Three positive clones were identified after screening 9 X 10(6) plaques. One of these was sequenced and found to be spurious, probably representing an out-of-frame cDNA that gave rise to amino acid sequences of unknown length that crossreacted with alpha-L-fucosidase. A second clone, lambda AF3, was isolated which, after establishment in Escherichia coli BNN103, gave rise to a fusion protein of Mr 154,000 containing a human fragment of Mr 40,000 that represented 80% of the mature processed enzyme (Mr 50,000). Southern blot analysis of mouse and human chromosomal DNA confirmed the human origin of insert AF3. The nucleotide sequence of AF3 was determined and colinearity was established between 270 nucleotides and 90 amino acids in alpha-L-fucosidase. AF3 was found to contain 1058 base pairs and to code for 347 amino acids of alpha-L-fucosidase. Four potential glycosylation sites were identified. The frequency of lambda AF3 in the hepatoma library was 0.0018%.     

The attitude of South African women to mastectomy for breast cancer

No previous study has reported on the acceptance of and attitudes towards the treatment of breast cancer among white South African women. The influence of age, social, economic and marital status, occupation, and the effect of knowledge of the disease on the reaction to the possible diagnosis of breast cancer, the attitude to mastectomy, and physical and psychological readjustment after mastectomy were studied in 100 respondents to a questionnaire. The preliminary conclusions from this study are that South African women desire effective treatment of breast cancer, that physical and psychological readjustments are readily made by the majority without major problems, and that reconstructive surgery is not in high demand.     

276例煤工创伤性湿肺的X线分析

本文结合文献分析了276例煤工创伤性湿肺表现。X线表现具特征性:(1)间质型肺静脉淤血;(2)支气管肺炎或不受叶间裂限制的节段性肺炎或不张;(3)面纱样征象。讨论了形成因素,认为多种病原机制有关:(1)胸内压突然升高,瞬间传递性暴力冲击,程度不等地破坏了呼吸膜;(2)植物神经功能紊乱;(3)肺循环障碍;(4)舒血管物质的形成。指出痰中带血丝症状较非煤工创伤性湿肺患者多见。