我院2008-2010年抗菌药物使用与细菌耐药性分析

目的:了解我院2008-2010年抗菌药物使用及常见细菌耐药现状,研究二者之间的关系,指导临床合理用药。方法:根据我院3年间医院药品库存管理系统的药品管理记录,计算药品用药频度(DDDs);对3年间临床分离的常见病原菌,采用K-B法测定菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性,利用WHONET5.4软件和SPSS11.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果:3年间头孢匹胺的DDDs均排在首位;临床分离的细菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,不动杆菌属2010年的分离率已位居第3位;常见细菌对多数抗菌药物耐药率均呈逐年上升趋势,其中不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦以及碳青霉烯类的耐药率由2008年的近10%上升至2010年的70%。结论:随着第3代头孢菌素和硝基咪唑类药的大量使用,我院细菌耐药率逐年上升。建议临床医师限制广谱抗菌药物的应用,延缓细菌耐药的趋势,重点监控多重耐药菌株的耐药情况。     

胃间质瘤的临床病理改变

目的：了解胃间质瘤的特殊临床病理改变。方法：收集37例胃间质瘤的临床病理资料，常规光镜切片观察，免疫组化SMA，S100，CD34，CD117，CKp标记。2例恶性胃间质瘤新鲜组织常规电镜切片，观察超微结构。结果：胃间质瘤临床症状以上腹痛、肿块和呕血为主。良性间质瘤直径〈4．5cm，无出血坏死，瘤细胞以梭形细胞为主，核分裂0—2个／50HPF。多数恶性间质瘤直径〉5cm（20／25），有出血坏死，瘤细胞多形性，核分裂6—564／HPF。免疫组化标记：肿瘤细胞以CD34和CD117阳性为主。电镜观察2例恶性间质瘤的瘤细胞中细胞器稀少，无密体密斑、神经内分泌颗粒和细胞外基板。结论：胃间质瘤临床症状与胃癌相似，良性和恶性胃间质瘤的病理诊断依据组织学改变和免疫组化染色。免疫组化和电镜观察示胃间质瘤以未分化型为主。     

2002～2005年上海市松江区居民恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分析

[目的]分析上海市松江区2002～2005年居民新发恶性肿瘤发病与死亡分布特征。[方法]对2002～2005年松江区肿瘤发病及死亡资料进行分析。[结果]2002～2005年发病率与死亡率男性均大于女性。年龄别发病率与死亡率均随年龄增高呈上升趋势。男性恶性肿瘤发病率位于前五位的分别为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、大肠癌、食管癌，死亡率位于前六位的分别为肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、大肠癌、胰腺癌：女性恶性肿瘤发病率位于前五位的为乳腺癌、大肠癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌，死亡率前六位的为大肠癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌。男性肺癌发病率与死亡率均是最高．而乳腺癌50～70岁年龄段妇女高发，而胰腺癌死亡率升高明显已跃居男、女性死亡前六位。[结论]松江区恶性肿瘤防治重点应该为40岁以上人群，肺癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌等应成为肿瘤防治的重点。     

张吉金教授治疗经期延长经验

经期延长为妇科月经病中常见的疾病,或轻或重,延长时日或长或短,甚者可发崩漏,故论治者众也,角度不同而治法各异,但其治疗的重要性不言而喻。     

重组人血管内皮抑制素联合顺铂局部治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床研究

目的:观察重组人血管内皮抑制素联合顺铂胸腔灌注治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效及安全性。方法:100例恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,分别注入顺铂、重组人血管内皮抑制素及二者联用,每周1次,3周后评价疗效及生活质量。结果:在治疗胸水有效率方面,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别与Ⅲ组比较有显著性差异(P=0.007;P=0.020),Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较无显著性差异(P=0.715);在生活质量改善率方面,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别与Ⅲ组比较有显著性差异(P=0.036;P=0.048),Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较无显著性差异(P=0.918)。结论:重组人血管内皮抑制素联合顺铂治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效显著,不增加化疗的毒副作用。     

Feasibility of buprenorphine and methadone maintenance programmes among users of home made opioids in Ukraine

BackgroundOpioid substitution therapy (OST) in the Ukraine was not provided until 2004. Methadone maintenance therapy only became available in May 2008. Injecting drug users in Ukraine are predominantly injecting self-made opioid solution (‘Shirka’). A feasibility study on buprenorphine and methadone maintenance treatment was conducted in 2008.MethodsA total of 331 opioid dependent patients were given buprenorphine (n = 191) or methadone (n = 140) as a substitute, and a survey of substance use, HIV transmission risks, and legal and social status was conducted at baseline and at six months follow-up.ResultsIllegal substance use, illegal activities, incomes and HIV related transmission risks were highly reduced, whereas employment rates and psychiatric problems improved. Retention was comparatively high among the patients in buprenorphine (84.8%) and in methadone maintenance treatment (85.0%) after six months of treatment.ConclusionThese data show the successful implementation of OST in the Ukraine among drug users who were predominantly injectors of self-made opioid solutions. Continuing scale-up of OST in the Ukraine is therefore both feasible and highly recommended.     

2007年度药物滥用预警信息分析

目的:了解2007年我国大陆地区流行性滥用药物的分布特征,为加强禁毒工作,有针对性地防治麻醉药品、精神药品流行滥用提供参考依据。方法:对《药物滥用监测网络信息管理系统》实时采集2007年度监测数据进行趋势性分析,通过产生的预警信息,报告可能发生流行性滥用的药物。全年预警报告信息集中提示各种类型药物滥用流行的地区分布与时间分布情况。本年度预警报告滥用药物不包括已经在我国大陆地区流行滥用的海洛因及阿片。结果:2007年《药物滥用监测网络信息管理系统》发布可能发生药物流行性滥用的预警信息320条,其中,主要涉及阿片类药物(曲马多、哌替啶、二氢埃托啡、吗啡、复方甘草片、复方地芬诺酯等)的预警信息120条,占37.5%,7-8月是其预警报告高发时段,华东地区是流行滥用的高发地区;涉及苯丙胺类物质("冰毒"、"摇头丸")和氯胺酮、"麻谷丸"的预警信息106条,占33.1%,11-12月是其预警报告高发时段,东北地区是流行滥用的高发地区;涉及苯二氮艹卓类药物(地西泮、艾司唑仑、阿普唑仑)的预警信息60条,占18.8%,7月是其预警报告高发时段,华东、西南地区是流行滥用的高发地区。结论:本年度预警的流行性滥用的药物涉及种类多,覆盖面广,7-8月、11-12月是预警信息的频发时段。建议各地结合本地区流行性滥用药物的分布特征,采取有针对性的药物滥用预防措施。     

Distribution of mesalazine enemas in active and quiescent ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of mesalazine enemas depends on intraluminal concentration of the drug and is therefore limited by the enema distribution in the colon. Active ulcerative colitis changes colon motility and this leads to uncertainty about enema spread. AIM: To assess the influence of disease activity on enema distribution, we conducted a physician-blinded, longitudinal study of the retrograde spread of three mesalazine enemas. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis were subdivided into three groups, and treated with 2 g mesalazine in 30 mL (group I, n = 10), 4 g mesalazine in 60 mL (group II, n = 12) or 1 g mesalazine in 100 mL (group III, n = 9). All patients received oral mesalazine 500 mg t.d.s. Enemas were labelled by adding 10 MBq (99mTc)technetium-sulphur colloid. Anterior scintigraphic images were taken at the start of the study and after 12 weeks of therapy; retrograde spread was assessed by calculating the percentage of the enema in each colonic segment. RESULTS: The activity score of ulcerative colitis diminished significantly after 12 weeks of treatment, but five patients dropped out of the study. At the start of treatment enema activity in group I was mainly concentrated in the sigmoid (99%); in group II activity was found in the rectum (9%), the sigmoid (61%) and the descending colon (15%); in group III activity was distributed between the sigmoid (66%) and descending colon (25%). The colonic distribution of mesalazine enemas was not influenced by disease activity. CONCLUSION: Volume, but not disease activity, is the important determinant of retrograde colonic spread of mesalazine enemas in ulcerative colitis.     

CT诊断涎腺肿物的价值

目的：评价CT对涎腺肿物的诊断价值。方法：经手术病理证实的涎腺肿物共61例，其中37例平扫加增强，24例平扫加经腮腺导管造影后扫描。结果：(1)脂肪瘤、涎腺囊种和炎性病变可作定性或基本定性诊断。(2)可鉴别良、恶性肿瘤。(3)混合瘤、腺淋巴瘤和一些瘤样病变，大多有较具特征性CTS(腮导管注入造影剂后扫描)或CT表现。结论：诊断涎腺肿物依据CTS或凹表现，结合病史、部位和年龄特征可明显提高诊断正确率。     

Cognitive impairment and hospital use.

BACKGROUND. An increasing number of older people are at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease or another dementias. The resultant cognitive impairment has been well identified as one of the risk factors for nursing home placement but it has not been well studied as a risk for hospitalization. METHODS. To study the association between cognitive impairment and hospital use, this study examined data from a randomly selected cohort of community dwelling California elderly (California Senior Survey). The cohort was followed for one year (N = 940). RESULTS. Only about 17 percent of the study population was in the mildly or moderately/severe impaired category. Those participants with cognitive impairment were almost twice as likely as those without any impairment to be hospitalized and to be hospitalized for six days or more. CONCLUSIONS. Although the cause of the cognitive impairment and hospitalization was not determined in this study, the data support the importance of cognitive impairment as a risk factor for hospital use even after controlling for age, ADL, IADL, and prior hospitalizations. The causes for this need to be further examined so the burden of such care can be reduced.