Emergency splenic arterial embolization for massive variceal bleeding in liver recipient with left-sided portal hypertension.

Splenic vein thrombosis with gastric variceal bleeding is difficult to manage, and splenectomy may be necessary to stop variceal bleeding. The authors report the case of a post-orthotopic liver transplant patient with bleeding gastric varices secondary to splenic vein thrombosis treated by partial splenic artery embolization. Successful embolization was performed via transcatheter approach depositing Gianturco coils into the intrasplenic artery resulting in immediate cessation of variceal bleeding. No recurrence of bleeding was noted postembolization. In conclusion, splenic artery embolization can be used as treatment for postliver transplant variceal bleeding with hypersplenism.     

Endovenous laser treatment combined with a surgical strategy for treatment of venous insufficiency in lower extremity: a report of 208 cases

BACKGROUND: We assessed the safety and efficacy of endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) of the saphenous vein combined with a surgical strategy for treatment of deep venous insufficiency in the lower extremity. METHODS: Two hundred thirty venous insufficiencies of the lower limbs in 208 consecutive patients (93 men and 115 women; mean age, 54.15 years) were treated with EVLT combined with surgical strategies. All patients were symptomatic. There were 84 limbs (36.5%) in C(2), 25 (10.9%) in C(3), 109 (47.7%) in C(4), 1 (0.4%) in C(5), and 9 (3.9%) in C(6) (CEAP), and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome was present in 2 limbs. A total of 119 (51.7%) had perforator vein incompetence. Four therapeutic methods were included in this series according to symptoms, CEAP classification, and venous reflux. Simple EVLT was performed for 15 patients with only great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome in 19 lower limbs. EVLT combined with high ligation of the GSV and open ligation of perforators was performed for 5 patients with GSV and perforator incompetence in 5 lower limbs. EVLT was combined with high ligation of the GSV for 76 patients with GSV incompetence in 94 lower limbs. EVLT was combined with external banding of the first femoral venous valve and high ligation of the GSV for 112 patients with primary deep venous insufficiency in 112 lower limbs. All patients were followed up on an outpatient basis for physical examinations and postoperative complaints, and duplex ultrasonography was performed 2 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after operation. RESULTS: All patients tolerated the procedure well and returned to normal daily activities immediately, achieving a 100% immediate clinical success rate. Spot skin burn injuries occurred in 2 patients (1.0%). Paresthesia in the gaiter area was noted in 15 patients (7.2%). No postprocedural symptomatic deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred. Three patients had local recurrent varicose veins in the calf (1.4%) during a 2- to 27-month follow-up (mean, 6.12 months). Postoperative clinical classes were significantly improved between 2 weeks and 24 months (P = .0001 at 2 weeks and 3 to 18 months; P = .0055 at 24 months compared with before operation), especially in preoperative C(2) to C(3) stage patients, who achieved complete amelioration. CONCLUSIONS: EVLT is a novel minimally invasive treatment with advantages of safety, effectiveness, and simplicity, and it leaves no scars. Its indications can be expanded by combining EVLT with surgical strategies.     

Laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment of acute small bowel obstruction resulting from a congenital band

Acute small bowel obstruction is a common problem, especially for those patients with previous abdominal surgery that can cause postoperative adhesions. Acute, non-postoperative small bowel obstruction is less common and has various etiologies. We report a case of acute small bowel obstruction without previous abdominal surgery. The patient underwent laparoscopic exploration, and a congenital band was found to cause direct compression of the ileum and entrapment of a segment of bowel loop. There was evidence of bowel strangulation. The color and peristalsis of the entrapped bowel loop recovered gradually after division of the band, and segmental bowel resection was avoided. He has remained asymptomatic since the procedure. We suggest early and aggressive surgical intervention for patients with acute, non-postoperative small bowel obstruction to avoid possible complications of bowel strangulation and gangrene. A laparoscopic approach may be a safe, feasible, and favorable option for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment in this situation.     

Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in human fetal prostate

PURPOSE: We examined the immunolocalization of estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ERbeta in the human fetal prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue sections from human fetal prostates at 7 to 22 weeks of gestation were stained with antibodies to ERalpha, ERbeta, and cytokeratin 10 and 14. RESULTS: ERalpha expression was not detected until 15 weeks of gestation with sparse staining in the utricle. By 19 weeks increased ERalpha expression was seen in the luminal cells of the ventral urogenital epithelium (UGE), basal cells of the dorsal UGE, utricle, distal periurethral ducts, peripheral stroma and posterior prostatic duct. K14 was detected in basal cells of the UGE and in several posterior acini. At 22 weeks ERalpha expression was more intense in all of these areas. ERbeta was expressed throughout the UGE, ejaculatory ducts, müllerian ducts and entire stroma at 7 weeks. Intense ERbeta staining was observed in these areas and in the prostatic buds by 8 weeks with persistent intense staining through 22 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge we report the first immunolocalization of ERalpha in the human fetal prostate and the earliest demonstration of ERbeta expression in the prostate at 7 weeks of gestation. ERbeta expression is intense during ductal morphogenesis, suggesting a role in normal glandular growth and proliferation. The induction of squamous metaplasia in the UGE, distal periurethral ducts and utricle is associated with ERalpha expression in these areas, while the induction of squamous metaplasia in peripheral prostatic acini is associated with peripheral stromal ERalpha expression. This study suggests estrogen signaling pathways in the human fetal prostate via ERalpha that involve epithelial-epithelial and epithelial-stromal interactions.     

吻合器痔上粘膜环切术（PPH）并发症的防治

目的探讨吻合器痔上粘膜环切术（PPH）并发症的原因及防治策略。方法回顾性分析本院自2002年1月至2008年10月PPH治疗的90例重度痔病患者并发症发生情况。结果术后出血6例、尿潴留43例、肛门部疼痛17例、痔粘膜回缩不良2例,术后精细控便障碍1例,并发肛瘘1例;无吻合口感染、肛门狭窄、大便失禁、痔复发、直肠阴道瘘病例。结论PPH术具有疗效好,恢复快、疼痛少的优点,但PPH存在多种并发症。严格掌握手术适应症、加强围手术期处理．可减少并发症的发生。     

经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症540例的体会

目的 总结我科在近9年来经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗前列腺增生症的体会。方法对1999年6月～2008年10月收治的540例前列腺增生症（BPH）患者行TURP手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例的手术时间是30～200min,平均（54．0±20．4）min,术中输血0-800mL,切除前列腺组织15～100g,平均（38．5±18．1）g。术后持续膀胱冲洗3．5～5．0d,留置导尿管5～7d,无真性尿失禁,无术中及术后死亡。5例术中转开放手术。18例术中发生经尿道电切综合征（TURS）。出院后2周～3个月内再次手术3例,1～8年再次手术5例。结论TURP治疗BPH具有出血少、恢复快、疗效佳、治愈率高等优点,是治疗BPH患者的首选方法。     

Analysis of head injury admission trends in an urban American pediatric trauma center

BACKGROUND: Head injury is the leading cause of death in children. Child safety legislation and risk-specific intervention programs have flourished to mitigate the incidence of injury to children. This analysis documents the trend in head injury to children in a specific institution. METHODS: Analysis of 5,003 head injury admissions to a pediatric trauma center over thirteen years was performed. Admission rates were calculated using the appropriate population denominator from census data. Poisson regression analysis was applied to estimate the relative risk of head injury admission by year in different age, sex, mechanism of injury and severity group. RESULTS: There has been a 70% decline in the head injury admission rate since 1989, consistent with regional and national data. The decline was present in all mechanisms of injury and age groups except for less than 1 year of age. The decline in total trauma admissions over the same time period was 50% and the decline in total hospital admission was 10%. CONCLUSION: Pediatric head injury has significantly declined in the last 13 years at a Level I pediatric trauma center.     

Eccentric Mastectomy and Zigzag Periareolar Incision for Gynecomastia

Background  Gynecomastia is enlargement of the male breast caused by gland proliferation. Surgery is performed for symptom relief or for cosmetic reasons. The authors used a modified operative procedure, then evaluated the results and safety. Methods  Between 2001 and 2005, 22 men (median age, 26 years; range, 13–63 years) with gynecomastia underwent surgery. The operative procedure included a zigzag periareolar skin incision, eccentric subcutaneous mastectomy, and liposuction, with postoperative compression. Results  All the patients were satisfied with the results of the surgery, which produced a chest contour resembling a normal male chest rather than simply a smaller breast. The only complication was a hematoma. One patient was found to have breast cancer. Conclusions  The normal male chest contour can be restored by the described method of eccentric subcutaneous mastectomy.     

Early and delayed castrations confer a similar survival advantage in TRAMP mice

The most appropriate time to introduce androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer remains controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of early versus delayed surgical castration on prostate cancer progression and survival in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate （TRAMP） model. TRAMP mice were randomly divided into three groups： the early castration group （on which castration was performed at the age of 4 weeks）, the delayed castration group （on which castration was performed when abdominal tumours could be palpated）, and the sham-castrated group. Mice were monitored daily throughout their lives until cancer-related death or the develop- ment of an obviously moribund appearance, at which time the individual mouse was killed. Androgen receptor expression in prostate tumours was also evaluated. The results shows that the average lifespan in early castration, delayed castration and sham-castrated groups were 54.1 weeks, 59.9 weeks and 39.1 weeks, respectively. Both early castration and delayed castration conferred a statistically significant survival advantage when compared with the sham-castrated group （P 〈 0.001）. However, the difference in lifespan between the early castration group and the delayed castration group was not statistically significant （P = 0.85）. The increase in lifespan in the TRAMP mice that received either early or delayed castration correlated with lower G/B value （genitourinary tract weight/body weight） at death than the sham-castrated mice. In conclusion, early and delayed castrations in TRAMP mice pro- longed survival to a similar extent. This finding may provide a guide for clinical practice in prostate cancer therapy.     

不同气腹压力对子宫内膜异位症模型异位病灶超微结构的影响

目的观察不同气腹压力对大鼠子宫内膜异位症模型异位病灶超微结构的影响。方法SD大鼠子宫内膜腹膜自体移植制成子宫内膜异位症模型,造模成功后随机分为对照组、10mmHg气腹组和20mmHg气腹组（每组10只）,作用时间1h,手术结束后1周取子宫内膜异位灶行电镜检查,观察异位病灶腺上皮细胞凋亡和其他细胞器超微结构改变。结果对照组异位灶腺细胞结构良好,基质细胞排列整齐,微绒毛正常。10mmHg和20mmHg气腹组均有异位灶腺细胞染色质边集,线粒体嵴消失,线粒体肿胀明显;微绒毛减少或消失,细胞连接缝隙增宽断裂,基底层细胞排列紊乱。与10mmHg比较,20mmHg气腹组异位灶各细胞器受损程度相对严重。结论CO2气腹可导致子宫内膜异位灶细胞超微结构破坏,20mmHg气腹组对其损伤作用大于10mmHg组。