An International Comparison of Web-based Reporting About Health Care Quality: Content Analysis

Background

On more and more websites, consumers are provided with public reports about health care. This move toward provision of more comparative information has resulted in different information types being published that often contain contradictory information.

Objective

The objective was to assess the current state of the art in the presentation of online comparative health care information and to compare how the integration of different information types is dealt with on websites. The content analysis was performed in order to provide website managers and Internet researchers with a resource of knowledge about presentation formats being applied internationally.

Methods

A Web search was used to identify websites that contained comparative health care information. The websites were systematically examined to assess how three different types of information (provider characteristics and services, performance indicators, and health care user experience) were presented to consumers. Furthermore, a short survey was disseminated to the reviewed websites to assess how the presentation formats were selected.

Results

We reviewed 42 websites from the following countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Sweden. We found the most common ways to integrate different information types were the two extreme options: no integration at all (on 36% of the websites) and high levels of integration in single tables on 41% of the websites). Nearly 70% of the websites offered drill down paths to more detailed information. Diverse presentation approaches were used to display comparative health care information on the Internet. Numbers were used on the majority of websites (88%) to display comparative information.

Conclusions

Currently, approaches to the presentation of comparative health care information do not seem to be systematically selected. It seems important, however, that website managers become aware of the complexities inherent in comparative information when they release information on the Web. Important complexities to pay attention to are the use of numbers, the display of contradictory information, and the extent of variation among attributes and attribute levels. As for the integration of different information types, it remains unclear which presentation approaches are preferable. Our study provides a good starting point for Internet research to further address the question of how different types of information can be more effectively presented to consumers.     

医药类专业本科物理课程的设置及目标与定位探讨

目的：探讨物理课程在高等医药类专业教育中的作用与地位。方法：对全国部分城市不同类别医院从业医务工作者进行调查，综合国际医学教育标准和我国现实医学教育以及医疗服务行业状况进行分析。结果：探讨了我国高等医药类专业教育中物理课程的设置及目标与定位问题，给出了明确的课程定位与设置标准。结论：现代医学高等教育不应忽视或淡化物理课程在医学人才培养中素质教育和专业水平提高的积极作用与基础地位，在有限的学时空间内合理安排基础性内容和与专业素质培养相关的应用内容。     

The potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators as therapies for asthma and asthma exacerbations

Asthma is responsible for approximately 25,000 deaths annually in Europe despite available medicines that maintain asthma control and reduce asthma exacerbations. Better treatments are urgently needed for the control of chronic asthma and reduction in asthma exacerbations, the major cause of asthma mortality. Much research spanning >20 years shows a strong association between microorganisms including pathogens in asthma onset, severity and exacerbation, yet with the exception of antibiotics, few treatments are available that specifically target the offending pathogens. Recent insights into the microbiome suggest that modulating commensal organisms within the gut or lung may also be a possible way to treat/prevent asthma. The European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology Task Force on Anti‐infectives in Asthma was initiated to investigate the potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators in asthma. This review provides a concise summary of the current literature and aimed to identify and address key questions that concern the use of anti‐infectives and both microbe‐ and host‐based immunomodulators and their feasibility for use in asthma.     

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of cancer treated during pregnancy

Cancer diagnosed during pregnancy is a rare occurrence with an incidence of 0.1% of all pregnancies. However, its management can be challenging at times as one balances maternal benefit to fetal risk. Various treatment modalities are used in this context including surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiologic therapy. This review seeks to address the impact of pregnancy on disease as well as the effect of malignancy and its treatment on both mother and fetus. Attention is focused on the more common malignancies associated with pregnancy: cervix, breast, melanoma, and hematologic malignancies. In addition, special emphasis is placed on timing of delivery and how that affects neonatal outcomes.     

Epstein Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 in Hodgkin's lymphoma in Nigerians

Background

The burden of lymphomas on the health care system in Nigeria is enormous. Correct diagnosis and identification of aetiological factor are important steps in reducing this burden.

Methods

Eight cases diagnosed as HL within a period of six years at the Obafemi Awolowo University teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria by haematoxylin and eosin (Hand E) only were immunophenotyped using the indirect immunoperoxidase method. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1), CD15 and CD30 immunohistochemistry was also performed. The clinical characteristics of each patient were documented.

Objectives

To document the frequency of involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in cases of HL seen in a university hospital in Nigeria.

Results

Out of the eight cases diagnosed by H&E as HL immunophenotyping showed only five were HL. The rest were non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma (2 diffuse large B-cell and 1 null cell ALCL). All were cases of classical HL with 60% being of the mixed cellularity (MC) subtype. There were 2 males and 3 females with ages ranging from 7 years to 40 years. All presented with cervical lymphadenopathy and three had splenomegaly in addition. 60% of the tumour was EBV positive, all of the MC subtype. Three patients had chemotherapy. Eventually all were lost to follow-up. There was no case of the nodular lymphocyte predominance variant.

Conclusion

Mixed cellularity is the most common subtype and is the only subtype associated with EBV positivity in this study. Epstein-Barr virus probably plays an important role in the aetiology of HL in Nigerians.Running title: Epstein-Barr virus, Hodgkin''s lymphoma in Nigerians     

What Protects Certain Nerves from Stretch Injury?

The human tibial nerves is less prone to injury following joint arthroplasty compared with the peroneal nerves. Besides the anatomical distribution, other features may confer protection from stretch injury. We therefore examined the size, shape and connective tissue distribution for the two nerves. The tibial and peroneal nerves from each side of nine fresh human cadavers we reharvested mid‐thigh. Proximal segments manually stretched 20%–25% were fixed in aldehyde, while the adjacent distal segments were fixed in their natural length. Paraffin sections stained by Masson's trichrome method for connective tissue were examined by light microscopy. Tibial nerves had 2X more fascicles compared with the peroneal, but the axonal content appeared similar. Analysis showed that neither nerve had a significant reduction in cross sectional area of the fascicles following stretch. However, fascicles from stretched tibial nerves become significantly more oval compared with those from unstretched controls and peroneal nerves. Tibial nerves had a greater proportion that was extrafascicular tissue (50‐55%) compared with peroneal nerves (38%–42%). This epineurium was typically adipose tissue. Perineurial thickness in both nerves was directly related to fascicular size. Tibial nerves have several unique histological features associated with size, shape and tissue composition compared with the peroneal nerve. We suggest that more fascicles with their tightly bound perineurium and more robust epineurium afford protection against stretch injury. Mechanical studies should clarify how size and shape contribute to nerve protection and/or neurapraxia. Anat Rec, 299:111–117, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Induction of B cell apoptosis by co-cross-linking CD23 and sIg involves aberrant regulation of c-myc and is inhibited by bcl-2

A novel system to study the effects of co-cross-linking CD23/FceRII and sIg on murine B lymphocytes utilizes a highly multivalent form of anti- Ig prepared by covalently linking anti-Ig antibodies to a DNP-dextran backbone. CD23-sIg co-cross-linking is accomplished by the addition of DNP-specific monoclonal IgE. Previous studies demonstrated that co- cross-linking CD23 and sIg significantly inhibited mouse B cell proliferation, especially at high doses of the multivalent anti-Ig. Interestingly, examination of early activation signals reveals no difference in B cells subjected to co-cross-linking conditions as compared to B cells activated with anti-Ig alone. Total cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation levels are unchanged by co-cross- linking. Analysis of B cell mRNA reveals that co-cross-linking the receptors does not alter the expression levels of ornithine decarboxylase 8 h after stimulation as compared to the controls. In contrast, levels of the proto-oncogene c-myc were significantly elevated 1 h after inducing B cell activation under co-cross-linking conditions. However, it remains unclear whether this aberrant c-myc regulation plays any role in inducing apoptosis. In addition, on day 3 after stimulation, the co-cross-linking of CD23 and sIg resulted in the formation of apoptotic B cells, determined by both photomicroscopy of the B cell cultures and FACS analysis of B cell nuclei. B cells obtained from bcl-2 transgenic mice proliferated as well as controls, and failed to undergo apoptosis when CD23 and sIg were co-cross-linked on their surface. These studies indicate that co-cross-linking of CD23 with B cell sIg inhibits B cell proliferation by a mechanism that is distinct from that seen by co-cross-linking of the Fc gamma RII and sIg. In addition, these results suggest a means by which antigen- specific IgE can down-regulate additional B cell activation and IgE synthesis.      

Function of C3 in a humoral response: iC3b/C3dg bound to an immune complex generated with natural antibody and a primary antigen promotes antigen uptake and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules by all B cells,but only stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by antigen-specific B cells

Previous studies have shown that an optimal humoral response to a primary protein antigen requires C3 and CR2 (CD21). Sera from non-immunized donors contain natural IgM and IgG antibodies to the primary antigen keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), and these have been previously shown to form immune complexes (IC) that activate the classical pathway of C, fixing iC3b/C3dg onto the KLH antigen. Such KLH IC bind to CR2 on KLH-non-specific B lymphocytes, resulting in antigen processing and MHC class II-dependent presentation to KLH-specific helper T cells. KLH IC also induce B lymphocytes to express the CD80 co-stimulatory molecule via simultaneous CR2 ligation with C3 and FcγRII (CD32) stimulation by IgG natural antibody. The current study demonstrated that KLH IC ligation to either CR2 or FcγRII resulted in activation of a second co-stimulatory molecule, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18). The possibility of polyclonal B cell stimulation by the presentation of KLH-iC3b/C3dg by antigen-non-specific B cells was excluded by demonstration that in vitro cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with KLH-iC3b/C3dg elicited only anti-KLH, and did not stimulate synthesis of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) or tetanus toxoid (TT). Of greatest significance, a specific anti-KLH response was only detectable in cultures stimulated with KLH-iC3b/C3dg and not in cultures stimulated with KLH alone or KLH-IgG. Thus, iC3b/C3dg that was bound to a primary protein antigen enhanced recognition and specific immunoglobulin synthesis by antigen-specific B cells, even though the antigen was taken up and processed via CR2 by both antigen-specific and non-specific B cells.