Racial variations in Department of Veterans Affairs ambulatory care use and unmet health care needs

Our objective was to describe racial/ethnic variations in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ambulatory care use and its association with the presence of unmet health care needs. Using the 1992 National Survey of Veterans, we examined race/ethnicity and unmet health care need for ambulatory care users of VA and non-VA facilities. Black and Hispanic veterans were more likely to report any VA use. In unadjusted analyses, American Indian/Eskimo, Hispanic, and black veterans were 4.4, 2.5, and 1.9 times more likely, respectively, than white veterans to report an inability to get needed care. Adjusting for VA ambulatory care use diminished the disparity in inability to get needed care between American Indian/Eskimo or Hispanic veterans and white veterans and eliminated the disparity between black and white veterans. Our findings support the VA's role as a medical safety net provider and suggest that VA ambulatory care use is effective in mitigating health-related racial disparities for some veterans. Additional facilitators for reducing unmet need should be explored.     

Fractures of the neuro-cranium: sensitivity and specificity of post-mortem computed tomography compared with autopsy

Post–mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is a routine tool in many forensic pathology departments as it is fast and non-destructive and allows less gruesome visualization than photographs, and the images are indefinitely storable. Several studies investigated congruence between PMCT and autopsy for skull fracture but registered only the presence or absence of fracture systems. The objective of this study was to determine location-specific sensitivity and specificity of PMCT for individual fracture lines in blunt force head trauma. Accurate 3D models based on PMCT data with all fracture lines visible are important for future studies on fractures, applying finite element analysis (FEA). We retrospectively sampled adult cases from 2013 to 2019 with skull fracture mentioned in the autopsy report. PMCT was on a Siemens 64-slice scanner and autopsy according to international guidelines. The location and direction of all fracture lines at autopsy and at de novo interpretation of scans were registered and compared. Ninety-nine cases with 4809 individual findings were included. Age ranged from 18 to 100 years. The overall sensitivity was 0.58, and specificity was 0.91. For individual locations, sensitivity ranged from 0.24 to 0.85, and specificity ranged from 0.73 to 1.00. Intra-observer agreement was 0.74, and inter-observer agreement ranged from 0.43 to 0.58. In conclusion, PMCT is suited for detection of fracture systems, but not for detection of all individual fracture lines. Our results differed from the existing literature due to the methodological choices of registering individual fracture lines. Future studies utilising FEA must supplement PMCT with autopsy data.

     

Adjuvant PEFG (Cisplatin, Epirubicin, 5-Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine) or Gemcitabine Followed by Chemoradiation in Pancreatic Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Trial

Background

Information from randomized trials on the role of combination chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is limited. This randomized phase II trial aimed to identify the most promising regimen warranting phase III evaluation.

Methods

Therapy-naive patients, age 18?C75?years, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) >60, gross total resection of stage IB?CIII pancreatic adenocarcinoma, stratified for center and surgical margins, were randomly assigned to receive either gemcitabine 1?g/m² weekly on days 1, 8, and 15 (arm A) or the PEFG regimen (cisplatin and epirubicin 40?mg/m², day 1; gemcitabine 600?mg/m², days 1, 8; 5-fluorouracil 200?mg/m² daily, days 1?C28) (arm B). Chemotherapy was administered every 4?weeks for 3?months and followed by irradiation concurrent to continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil 250?mg/m² daily. Primary endpoint was the probability of being disease-free at 1?year from surgery. Assuming P0?=?35% and P1?=?55%, ???=?.05 and ???=?.10, the study was to enroll 51 patients per arm.

Results

A total of 102 patients were randomized; 100 were eligible (arm A: 51; arm B: 49). Baseline characteristic (A/B) were: Median age was 61/60?years; 75% had KPS >80 75/76%; 36% grade 3 tumor 29/43%, 79% stage IIB/III 75/84%, 31% R1 resection 35/29%. Survival figures (A/B) were: Median disease-free survival was 11.7 and 15.2?months; 1-year disease-free survival 49.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 35?C63%) and 69.4% (95% CI 56?C83%); median survival 24.8 and 28.9?months. Combination chemotherapy produced more hematological toxicity without relevant differences in nonhematological toxicities.

Conclusions

The 4-drug regimen deserves further assessment in resectable pancreatic cancer.     

Current concepts for rehabilitation and return to sport after knee articular cartilage repair in the athlete

Articular cartilage injury is observed with increasing frequency in both elite and amateur athletes and results from the significant acute and chronic joint stress associated with impact sports. Left untreated, articular cartilage defects can lead to chronic joint degeneration and athletic and functional disability. Treatment of articular cartilage defects in the athletic population presents a therapeutic challenge due to the high mechanical demands of athletic activity. Several articular cartilage repair techniques have been shown to successfully restore articular cartilage surfaces and allow athletes to return to high-impact sports. Postoperative rehabilitation is a critical component of the treatment process for athletic articular cartilage injury and should take into consideration the biology of the cartilage repair technique, cartilage defect characteristics, and each athlete's sport-specific demands to optimize functional outcome. Systematic, stepwise rehabilitation with criteria-based progression is recommended for an individualized rehabilitation of each athlete not only to achieve initial return to sport at the preinjury level but also to continue sports participation and reduce risk for reinjury or joint degeneration under the high mechanical demands of athletic activity.     

Living donor liver transplantation, adult to adult

AIM: Since living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can offer a viable response to the lack of transplantable cadaveric organs, our center instituted an LDLT program in 2001. METHODS: The authors report their experience with the first 35 LDLT procedures successfully completed at the Liver and Multiorgan Transplant Center of the University of Modena between 9 May 2001 and 21 May 2003. The case series comprised 35 patients, 7 of which received a left-half liver and 1 a left lobe. RESULTS: The global survival rate was 77.2% (27 out of 35 patients), with a mean follow-up period of 295 days; the survival rate at 1 year was 81%. In 4 cases (11%) retransplantation was performed. The donor demographics are described; all donors returned to their normal activities before transplantation, after a mean follow-up period of 373 days. No intraoperative complications were experienced by the donors, whereas during the postoperative period, 2 donors (5.7%) developed major complications (1 biliary fistula on the cut surface, 1 stenosis of the main bile duct). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that LDLT can be safely completed in the donor, with good results achieved in the recipient as well. Underlying these results is the accurate pretransplant assessment that continued into the operation itself. Even more important was the demonstrated ability and experience of the surgical team to attain results in the donor which we believe are necessary for carrying forth a LDLT program.     

Multiparametric monitoring of ischemia-reperfusion in rat kidney: effect of ischemic preconditioning

BACKGROUND: Microelectrode technology is a promising tool for monitoring kidney ischemia and the changes induced by its therapeutic management. Ischemic preconditioning, that is, brief ischemic periods before sustained ischemia, has been shown to protect several organs, including the kidney, from ischemia-reperfusion injury. We tested whether the effect of preconditioning could be appraised by real-time measurement of parameters representative of tissue hypoxia. METHODS: In a sample of pentobarbital-anesthetized and mechanically ventilated rats, we studied the effect of renal ischemic preconditioning (10-min ischemia and 10-min reflow interval) on subsequent ischemia-reperfusion (45 min and 60 min). Renal tissue electrical impedance, extracellular pH, and potassium concentration [K+] were measured continuously by implanted microelectrodes. RESULTS: Ischemia induced an early, rapid rise in extracellular potassium and impedance module, followed by a phase of slower increase, whereas pH decreased rapidly, reaching a plateau. Preconditioning treatment did not cause significant changes in interstitial pH and [K+] but increased ischemic tissue impedance. During reperfusion, the three variables recovered progressively; however, after a decline, electrical impedance showed a clear postischemic increase. This rise was suppressed by preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time measurement of any of the three parameters showed capability for early detection of ischemia. In contrast with findings in myocardial tissue, preconditioning in the kidney did not increase potassium cell loss during ischemia or improve ischemic acidosis or tissue impedance. Electrical impedance increased for a second time during reperfusion, indicating the presence of a postischemic cellular edema; concealing this episode was the most noticeable effect of the preconditioning treatment.     

Multislice computed tomography angiography in pediatric liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Preoperative delineation of any vascular anomalies offers planning for possible alteration of surgical procedures, especially in pediatric recipients undergoing living-related liver transplantation. PURPOSE: We assess the efficacy of three-dimensional (3D) multislice computed tomography (CT) angiography in the hope of replacing conventional angiography as the pretransplant evaluation of the hepatic vascular system for potential recipients of liver transplantation. METHODS: 3D CT angiography was performed in 38 children with biliary atresia. Conventional angiography was also performed in the first 15 patients. Twelve patients underwent living-related liver transplantation. The findings on 3D CT angiography were compared with conventional angiography and operative findings. RESULTS: 3D CT angiography was successfully performed in 37 pediatric patients. All findings of 3D CT angiography on hepatic artery, portal vein, and inferior vena cava paralleled those of catheter angiography and operative findings. Four patients were unsuitable to receive living grafts because of pathologic insults of the hepatic artery (one patient) and the portal vein (three patients). Three patients were advised to undergo a venous graft for portal anastomoses. Eight patients demonstrated portosystemic shunts that may require closure. CONCLUSION: 3D CT angiography proves to be a better tool in the demonstration of the vascular system and identification of pathologic insults in pediatric patients. It is superior to conventional angiography because it is less invasive, more convenient, and more efficient in providing thorough preoperative information that would have a major impact on patient selection and surgical planning.     

Endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: systematic literature review

Endovascular repair is increasingly used for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs). This study estimated the mortality rate for this approach. A review of 307 publications in English was performed. Thirty-four publications representing 1,200 patients with RAAA were deemed appropriate for analysis by weighted least squares regression. Of the 1,200 patients, 531 (44.3%) underwent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The average age was 74 years, and 13% were female. Aortouni-iliac grafts were used in 49.4% of patients, and 50.6% received bifurcated grafts. The technical success rate was 94.9%, with a mortality rate of 30.2%. The ratio of endovascular cases to the total number of cases strongly predicted the mortality rate (weighted coefficient -0.378, p< .0003). The mortality rate following EVAR of RAAA is 30%. A 3.8% reduction in mortality was found for each 10% increase in the percentage of ruptures repaired endovascularly at each center. These results are suggestive of a learning curve.