The Framingham Disability Study: physical disability among community-dwelling survivors of stroke

The relationship between stroke and physical disability was examined in a cohort of adult, Framingham, Massachusetts, residents who, between 1948 and 1951, were assembled for a longitudinal examination of cardiovascular disease. Multivariate analyses examined the amount of residual disability attributable to stroke among 2540 community-dwelling survivors, 27 years after their initial examination, after controlling for age, cardiovascular risk factors, other cardiovascular diseases, and eight general health conditions related to physical disability. Among men living in the community, a history of stroke explained 12% of the variance in physical disability. Suffering a stroke, however, was not as strongly related to physical disability among women living in the community, accounting for only 3% of the variance. Results suggest that although older men and women die from the same major causes, they may not be disabled by the same conditions.     

Theoretical and practical considerations in the doubly-labelled water (2H2(18)O) method for the measurement of carbon dioxide production rate in man

In the doubly-labelled water (2H2(18)O) method for the measurement of carbon dioxide production rate in man, single exponential disappearance curves for 2H2O and H2(18)O in body water are used; the precision with which the slopes and intercepts of the curves are estimated determines the precision of the estimate of carbon dioxide production rate. In studies with infants, and in computer simulations, the effect of different experimental regimes on the overall precision of the carbon dioxide production estimate was investigated. When the number of data points used was progressively reduced by shortening the total observation period from 7 d (about 3 biological half-lives for the isotopes) to 1 d there was a deleterious effect on precision and in the infants there was an upward bias in the values for carbon dioxide production. When the number of data points was reduced by removing points from the middle of the exponential curves with the maintenance of the 7-d experimental period, precision was also reduced but by less than in the former procedure and there were no consistent trends in the average values for carbon dioxide production.     

Ocular autonomic function in progressive autonomic failure

Ocular autonomic function was assessed in 4 patients with progressive autonomic failure (PAF) and age-matched control subjects, by measurement of the pupil cycle time, and determination of autonomic denervation hypersensitivity of the iris. Pupil cycle time was abnormal in all patients with PAF; sustained pupil cycling was absent in 5 of the 8 eyes tested of the PAF patients, compared with only 16 eyes from 70 control subjects. Pupil constriction in response to 2.5% methacholine, indicative of parasympathetic denervation hypersensitivity, was significantly increased in patients with PAF (p < 0.001), whilst pupil dilation in response to 0.5% phenylephrine, indicative of sympathetic denervation hypersensitivity, was also significantly higher in the PAF patients (p < 0.001). The results suggest that ocular autonomic function may provide a sensitive early indicator of generalised autonomic dysfunction.     

Eledoisin and lacrimal secretion in the rabbit

Eledoisin has been tried as a possible treatment for dry eye based on the hypothesis that it pharmacologically stimulates tear secretion when topically applied to the eye. To determine if topically applied eledoisin pharmacologically stimulates orbital lacrimal secretion, the orbital lacrimal gland excretory duct of normal rabbits was cannulated, and eledoisin was applied topically with and without prior administration of proparacaine. To determine if topically applied eledoisin stimulated accessory lacrimal gland secretion, isotonic buffer with and without eledoisin was tested in a rabbit model with only accessory lacrimal tissue remaining after the administration of proparacaine. Topically applied eledoisin did not pharmacologically stimulate lacrimal secretion but rather increased lacrimal gland secretion only in non-anesthetized eyes through a sensory reflex mechanism that is blocked by proparacaine.     

Phase I evaluation of diaziquone in childhood cancer

Summary We conducted a phase I clinical study of aziridinylbenzoquinone (Diaziquone, AZQ) given as a 4 hour infusion weekly × 4. Forty-five children with recurrent acute leukemia and 33 children with various advanced solid tumors participated. Severe myelosuppression was the dose limiting toxic effect, occurring in all patients at the upper dose levels. Gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities were infrequent and not severe. No allergic reactions occurred. Objective tumor regression was noted in 3 of 25 patients with a CNS tumor and in 6 of 45 patients with acute leukemia. For phase II trials the recommended dosage of Diaziquone given by this schedule is 18 mg/M²×4 for patients with a solid tumor, and is 30 mg/M²/week × 4 for children with acute leukemia.     

Biochemical consequences of 5-fluorouracil gastrointestinal toxicity in rats; effect of high-dose uridine

Selective protection of the normal host tissues from the toxic effects of anticancer agents would allow the use of higher, probably more effective, doses of the drugs. It has been demonstrated that delayed high-dose uridine administration after 5-fluorouracil decreases the extent of myelosuppression and causes faster regeneration of the bone marrow. We studied the biochemical consequences of the gastrointestinal toxicity caused by 5-fluorouracil and the potential of high-dose uridine treatment to influence these adverse effects. 5-Fluorouracil caused dose-related decreases in the biochemical parameters (thymidine kinase, sucrase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase) selected as early markers of the impaired metabolic activity of the intestinal mucosa. The nadir of the biochemical changes was reached between 24 h and 72 h after 5-fluorouracil treatment, and complete regeneration of the mucosa took 6–7 days. Delayed high-dose uridine administration failed to mitigate the severity of the gastrointestinal damage that ensued after 5-fluorouracil treatment, but caused significantly earlier regeneration of the mucosa.     

Evaluation of Tc-99m(V) DMSA for imaging inflammatory lesions: An experimental study

The present study evaluated^99mTc(V) DMSA as an agent for the visualization of inflammatory lesions in comparison to^99mTc(HI) DMSA and^99mTc-HIG. All three radiopharmaceuticals were prepared with commercial kits.^99mTc(V) DMSA was prepared at neutral pH by the addition of first bicarbonate and then pertechnetate to the kit contents. The labeling efficiency was 99% as determined by ITLC. Abscesses were induced by i.m. injection of 50 μl turpentine into the right thighs of 36 Swiss albino mice. Six days later 3.7 MBq of each radiopharmaceutical was i.v. administered to 12 mice. The mice were sacrificed at 1,3,6 and 24 h later. Scintigrams were obtained with a gamma camera. The abscesses were better visualized on scintigrams with^99mTc(V) DMSA compared to^99mTc(III) DMSA, starting at 1 h. The animals were dissected and the organs were removed, weighed and the radioactivity determined with a gamma counter. The abscess to other tissue ratios were higher with^99mTc(V) DMSA than the other radiopharmaceuticals. The max. abscess/muscle ratios were 9.46 ± 3.20 (24 h), 4.19 ± 1.39 (6 h) and 5.98 ± 1.17 (24 h) and max. abscess/blood ratios were 6.22 ± 1.41, 4.09 ± 0.84 and 0.914 ± 0.351 all at 24 h for^99mTc(V) DMSA,^99mTc(III) DMSA and^99mTc-HIG, respectively. Experimental arthritis was produced in 6 New Zealand white rabbits by intra-articular injection of ovalbumin. Four days later 37 MBq of^99mTc(V) DMSA and^99mTc-HIG were each i.v. administered to 3 rabbits. Scintigrams obtained at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h clearly demonstrated arthritic joints. ROFs over arthritic joints were compared to contralateral normal joints (A/C). The max. A/C ratios were 2.10 ± 0.31 (3 h) and 2.92 ± 0.99 (24 h) for^99mTc(V) DMSA and^99mTc-HIG, respectively. Our results indicated the feasibility of imaging inflammatory lesions with^99mTc(V) DMSA.