Phenylethylidenehydrazine, a novel GABA-transaminase inhibitor, reduces epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices

Phenylethylidenehydrazine (PEH), an analog of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, beta-phenylethylhydrazine (phenelzine), inhibits the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolic enzyme GABA-transaminase and increases brain levels of GABA. GABA is the predominant fast inhibitory transmitter counteracting glutamatergic excitation, and increased neural GABA could influence a wide range of synaptic and circuit properties under both physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. To examine the scope of these effects, we applied PEH (or vehicle) to rat hippocampal slices and measured basal glutamatergic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and epileptiform activity using extracellular field and whole cell patch clamp recordings. In vitro pre-treatment with PEH (100 microM) increased the GABA content of hippocampal slices by approximately 60% over vehicle-treated controls, but it had no effect on basal field excitatory postsynaptic potentials, tonic GABA currents, paired-pulse facilitation, or long-term potentiation. In contrast, pre-incubation with PEH caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction in epileptiform burst frequency induced by superfusion with Mg2+-free or high-K+ artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, the inhibitory effects of PEH are state-dependent: hyper-excitation during epileptiform bursting was reduced, whereas synaptic transmission and plasticity were unaffected.     

New thrombolytic agents

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA), Single Chain Urokinase Plasminogen Activator or pro-Urokinase (scu-PA or pro-UK) and acyl enzymes are new thrombolytic agents, characterized by a high fibrin affinity, so that they provoke only mild systemic fibrinolytic effect. Their infusion would allie good thrombolytic activity and reduced hemorragic risks, usually related to fibrinogen and others coagulation factors degradation t-PA and scu-PA are natural, physiological substances, obtained by recombinant DNA technology. t-PA infusion in acute myocardial infusion (AMI) has been shown to be at least as efficient than intracoronary Streptokinase (SK) administration, but fibrinogenolysis was much lower as compared to SK. In vitro studies have shown that scu-PA was an efficient thrombolytic agent and has a relative fibrin specificity, at least as similar to t-PA, but much superior to classical Urokinase. The acyl-enzyme APSAC or Eminase is a SK-plasminogen complex in which the proteolytic site has been inactivated with an anisoic-acid. This acyl enzyme has a longer half-life than t-PA and scu-PA, and can be injected as a bolus. Its administration in AMI have shown that APSAC is as effective as SK, but can also provoke severe fibrinogenolysis. These 3 agents seem to have similar thrombolytic activities on coronary thrombi. However, further studies are required to evaluate the bleeding incidence and coronary reocclusion rates associated with their utilisation.     

Quantitative differences in lipid raft components between murine CD4<Superscript>+</Superscript> and CD8<Superscript>+</Superscript> T cells

Background  

Lipid rafts have been shown to play a role in T cell maturation, activation as well as in the formation of immunological synapses in CD4⁺ helper and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells. However, the differential expression of lipid raft components between CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells is still poorly defined. To examine this question, we analyzed the expression of GM1 in T cells from young and aged mice as well as the expression of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein Thy-1 and cholesterol in murine CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations.     

Engagement of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules by cell surface CD8 delivers an activation signal.

Recent evidence has demonstrated that cross-linking class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on human T cells with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) triggers T cell activation. The only known natural ligand for MHC class I molecules is CD8. Therefore, the possibility that CD8+ T cells might provide activation signals to other T cells by engaging MHC class I molecules was examined by culturing CD4+ peripheral blood T cells with Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) cells that had been transfected with the alpha chain or alpha and beta chains of CD8 and assessing interleukin (IL)-2 production. CD4+ T cells did not secrete IL-2 when cultured alone, with control or CD8+ CHO cells. In contrast, CD4+ T cells produced IL-2 when cultured with CD8+ CHO cells and co-stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or mAb to CD3 or CD28. PMA stimulated substantially less IL-2 when control CHO cells were employed and the mAb to CD3 and CD28 did not stimulate IL-2 production in the presence of control CHO cells. The co-stimulatory activity of CD8+ CHO cells was completely eliminated by mAb to CD8 or MHC class I molecules. The data demonstrate that CD8 can interact with MHC class I molecules expressed on T cells and deliver a costimulatory signal that increases IL-2 production. Thus, engagement of MHC class I molecules by its natural ligand, CD8, provides an activation signal to T cells. Under some circumstances, such interactions may amplify the responses of T cells.     

Protein synthesis is required for the enhancement of long-term potentiation and long-term memory by spaced training

Spaced training is generally more effective than massed training for learning and memory, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this trial spacing effect remain poorly characterized. One potential molecular basis for the trial spacing effect is the differential modulation, by distinct temporal patterns of neuronal activity, of protein synthesis-dependent processes that contribute to the expression of specific forms of synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a type of synaptic modification that may be important for certain forms of memory storage in the mammalian brain. To explore the role of protein synthesis in the trial spacing effect, we assessed the protein synthesis dependence of hippocampal LTP induced by 100-Hz tetraburst stimulation delivered to mouse hippocampal slices in either a temporally massed (20-s interburst interval) or spaced (5-min interburst interval) fashion. To extend our studies to the behavioral level, we trained mice in fear conditioning using either a massed or spaced training protocol and examined the sensitivity of long-term memory to protein synthesis inhibition. Larger LTP was induced by spaced stimulation in hippocampal slices. This improvement of synaptic potentiation following temporally spaced synaptic stimulation in slices was attenuated by bath application of an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Further, the maintenance of LTP induced by spaced synaptic stimulation was more sensitive to disruption by anisomycin than the maintenance of LTP elicited following massed stimulation. Temporally spaced behavioral training improved long-term memory for contextual but not for cued fear conditioning, and this enhancement of memory for contextual fear was also protein synthesis dependent. Our data reveal that altering the temporal spacing of synaptic stimulation and behavioral training improved hippocampal LTP and enhanced contextual long-term memory. From a broad perspective, these results suggest that the recruitment of protein synthesis-dependent processes important for long-term memory and for long-lasting forms of LTP can be modulated by the temporal profiles of behavioral training and synaptic stimulation.     

Detection and characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Hanoi, Vietnam

Diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. Escherichia coli is an emerging agent among pathogens that cause diarrhea. The development of a highly applicable technique for the detection of different categories of diarrheagenic E. coli is important. We have used multiplex PCR by combining eight primer pairs specific for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). This facilitates the identification of five different categories of diarrheagenic E. coli from stool samples in a single reaction simultaneously. The prevalences of diarrheagenic E. coli were 22.5 and 12% in the diarrhea group and the control group, respectively. Among 587 fecal samples from Vietnamese children under 5 years of age with diarrhea, this technique identified 132 diarrheagenic E. coli strains. This included 68 samples (11.6%) with EAEC, 12 samples (2.0%) with EIEC, 39 samples (6.6%) with EPEC, and 13 samples (2.2%) with ETEC. Among the 249 age-matched controls, 30 samples were positive for diarrheagenic E. coli. The distribution was 18 samples (7.2%) with EAEC, 11 samples (4.4%) with EPEC, and 1 sample (0.4%) with ETEC.     

Determining an individual's ideal body weight from skeletal measurements: a new method

Determining an individual's "ideal" body weight is fundamental in nutritional therapy. A simulation of the human body to a cylindrical volumetric model permits the calculation of the ideal body weight from the measured height, interacromioclavicular distance, and humeral length. A group of 189 healthy normal volunteers were assessed. The calculated "Pitt" ideal body weight correlated closely (r = 0.88 for males, r = 0.72 for women) with values obtained from the Metropolitan tables. The technique provides an estimate of ideal body weight based upon reproducible, easily obtained measurements of fixed bony landmarks.     

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of calf trabecular meshwork

Activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of calf trabecular meshwork were measured and found to be 0.23 and 0.47 mumole/min/g tissue, respectively. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified 450-fold with a yield of 91% by anion exchange chromatography and 2',5'-ADP agarose affinity chromatography. It was activated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+. It was deactivated by p-chloromecuribenzoate, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate, and iodoacetamide, but this deactivation could be prevented by pretreatment with cysteine or glutathione. Its rate was regulated by the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, being maximal at a ratio of 0, and negligible at a ratio of 10. At the physiological ratio of 5, its rate was approximately half maximal. On disc gel electrophoresis of both the crude and purified enzyme, seven bands of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity could be seen. The isozyme pattern was similar to that of calf retina, but different from that of calf liver. These data suggest that trabecular meshwork is well supplied with the capacity to generate NADPH. Typical demands for NADPH may be to detoxify H2O2 and/or organic peroxides through the glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase system, and both generating and removing products of the "killing reaction" during phagocytosis.     

Can the quality and duration of life be integrated? Proposal for a new criterion for decision

Survival is an objective criteria, reliable, easy to measure and easy to analyse. But this criteria, the most important in almost all therapeutic trials, is a very rough one and not all fitted to many questions raised in cancer treatment decision making. We suggest a new criteria, combining quality and quantity of survival, which is equivalent in years of survival at a maximal quality level to the time of survival at a varying level of a cancer patient. This criteria could be usefull in the majority of "palliative" clinical trials (advanced cancers, recurrences, metastatic evolution...).     

Key Informants’ Perspectives on Childhood Obesity in Vietnam: A Qualitative Study

Maternal and Child Health Journal - Vietnam’s post-war globalization, economic development, and urbanization have contributed to a nutrition transition from traditional diets to...