Hirschsprung's disease in young adults

Hirschsprung's disease is rarely seen in the young adult, and presents unique problems in management because of the massive dilatation and hypertrophy that occur proximal to the aganglionic rectum or the rectosigmoid colon. The diagnosis, which may be suspected by barium enema, is confirmed by suction or full-thickness biopsy of the rectum that may be complemented by anal manometry. Based on our experience with eight patients, a two-stage surgical reconstruction is recommended, with a preliminary sigmoid colostomy through the normally innervated colon and an associated defunctionalized stoma constituting the initial operation. The distal colonic stoma permits cleansing of the caudal colon while the normally innervated proximal colon reverts to near normal caliber, usually within 2 to 6 months. This approach is in accord with the recommendation of Fairgrieve. Reconstruction using a Duhamel or Soave procedure has given good results. The Duhamel procedure seems preferable when a considerable discrepancy remains between the ganglionic and aganglionic segments of rectum.     

Encephalo-myelo-radiculo-ganglionitis presenting as pandysautonomia

A 68-year-old man developed pandysautonomia with severe orthostatic dysfunction, fixed heart rate, low serum levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine, absent sympathetic skin responses, and pupillary abnormalities. CSF protein was 92 mg/dl. In spite of a good recovery following corticosteroid administration, a relapse occurred, with accompanying sensory symptoms confined to both arms. Fatal sudden cardiac arrest occurred after 4 months. Autopsy revealed numerous lymphocytic infiltrates, predominantly in autonomic and sensory ganglia and, to a lesser extent, in the nerve roots, spinal cord, and brainstem without evidence for an underlying tumor. This case provides histopathologic evidence for an inflammatory etiology of panautonomic neuropathy in some patients.     

Is there a role for reconstructive techniques to prevent periodontal defects after third molar surgery?

PURPOSE: Among patients at high risk for second molar (M2) periodontal defects after third molar (M3) removal, does active treatment at the time of extraction, when compared with no treatment, alter the risk of postextraction M2 periodontal defects? MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a prospective cohort study design and a sample composed of subjects at high risk for developing M2 periodontal defects after M3 extraction, that is, age > or = 26 years, pre-existing periodontal defects (attachment level [AL] > or = 3 mm), and mesioangular or horizontal M3 impaction. The predictor variable was treatment status of the M3 extraction site. The M3 extraction sites were reconstructed with demineralized bone powder (DBP), bioresorbable guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy, or no treatment. The outcome variable was ALs measured at the M2 distobuccal line angle preoperatively and 26 weeks after extraction. Appropriate univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistics were computed, and statistical significance was set at a value P < .05. RESULTS: The cohort was composed of 12 subjects contributing 18 high-risk M3s. Twenty-six weeks after M3 removal, the ALs for GTR-treated (3.0 +/- 1.2 mm), DBP-treated (1.4 +/- 0.5 mm), and control (3.8 +/- 0.9) M3 sites were statistically significantly different ( P = .002). Tukey post-hoc comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference between control and DBP ALs ( P = .001) and GTR-treated and DBP-treated ALs ( P = .037). There was no statistically significant difference in ALs between control and GTR-treated M3s ( P = .35). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that subjects at high risk for developing M2 periodontal defects after M3 removal may benefit from the use of DBP placed at the time of M3 extraction to enhance periodontal healing.     

Further evidence of dopamine transporter dysregulation in ADHD: a controlled PET imaging study using altropane.

BACKGROUND: The dopamine transporter (DAT) is known to be a key regulator of dopamine, and recent studies of genetics, treatment, and imaging have highlighted the role of DAT in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The findings of in vivo neuroimaging of DAT in ADHD have been somewhat discrepant, however. METHOD: Dopamine transporter binding was measured using a highly selective ligand (C-11 altropane) and positron emission tomography (PET). The sample consisted of 47 well-characterized, treatment-na?ve, nonsmoking, non-comorbid adults with and without ADHD. Additionally, control subjects had few symptoms of ADHD. RESULTS: Results showed significantly increased DAT binding in the right caudate in adults with ADHD compared with matched control subjects without this disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm abnormal DAT binding in the striatum of adults with ADHD and provide further support that dysregulation of DAT may be an important component of the pathophysiology of ADHD.     

Noninvasive tests for arterial structure, function, and compliance: do they identify risk or diagnose disease?

BACKGROUND: Brachial artery reactivity (BAR), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and applanation tonometry for evaluation of total arterial compliance may provide information about preclinical vascular disease. We sought to determine whether these tests could be used to identify patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) without being influenced by their ability to identify those at risk for CAD developing. METHODS: We studied 100 patients and compared 3 groups: 35 patients with known CAD; 34 patients with symptoms and risk factors but no CAD identified by stress echocardiography (risk group); and 31 control subjects. BAR and IMT were measured using standard methods, and total arterial compliance was calculated by the pulse-pressure method from simultaneous radial applanation tonometry and pulsed wave Doppler of the left ventricular outflow. Ischemia was identified as a new or worsening wall-motion abnormality induced by stress. RESULTS: In a comparison between the control subjects and patients either at risk for developing CAD or with CAD, the predictors of risk for CAD were: age (P =.01); smoking history (P =.002); hypercholesterolemia (P =.002); and hypertension (P =.004) (model R = 0.82; P =.0001). The independent predictors of CAD were: IMT (P =.001); BAR (P =.04); sex (P =.005); and hypertension (P =.005) (model R = 0.80; P =.0001). CONCLUSION: IMT, BAR, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors appear to identify patients at risk for CAD developing. However, only IMT was significantly different between patients at risk for developing CAD and those with overt CAD.     

Stent fracture: an unusual cause of late restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent placement.

Stent fracture is uncommon but may have consequences including restenosis. To date, stent fractures reported have been related to aggressive post dilation. We describe a case that involves fracture of a stent deployed to nominal pressure. Unlike most stent fractures reported that involve stent struts only our case demonstrated circumferential disruption with complete separation of the stent segments.