Prevalence of Thinness,Overweight, Obesity,and Central Obesity in Finnish School-Aged Children: A Comparison of National and International Reference Values

IntroductionThe global epidemic of obesity concerns children, and monitoring the prevalence is of highest priority. Body mass index (BMI) with age- and sex-specific cutoff values determines weight status in children, although multiple reference systems exist. Our aim was to compare the prevalence for thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in Finnish school-aged children according to national and international reference values, as well as to determine which cutoff values for overweight agree with the criteria for central obesity.MethodsThis study includes 10,646 children aged 9–12 years from the Finnish Health in Teens cohort. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 2011–2014. BMI (weight [kg]/height [m]²) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; waist [cm]/height [cm]) were calculated. The WHtR cutoff of >0.5 indicated central obesity. We compared the sex-specific prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), World Health Organization (WHO) and Finnish (FIN) BMI-for-age reference values, as well as these three against central obesity based on the WHtR.ResultsThe prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity were 11.0%, 12.7%, and 2.6%, respectively, using IOTF; 2.6%, 15.9%, and 5.2% using WHO; and 5.1%, 11.4%, and 2.2% using FIN. Overweight and obesity were more common in boys than girls using WHO and FIN, while thinness was more common in girls using IOTF and FIN. IOTF versus WHO exhibited moderate agreement (κ = 0.59), which improved for IOTF versus FIN (κ = 0.74). Of those classified as overweight by WHO, 37% and 47% were regarded as normal weight according to IOTF and FIN, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was 8.7%, and it was more common in boys than girls. WHO provided the highest sensitivity: 95% of individuals with central obesity were classified with overweight or obesity. Using FIN provided the highest specificity (93%).ConclusionOur findings show that WHO overestimates the prevalence of overweight and obesity, while IOTF overrates thinness. Thus, comparing prevalence rates between studies requires caution. The novelty of this study is the comparison of the cutoff values for overweight with central obesity. The choice of reference system affects the generalizability of the research results.     

DNA甲基化与胃癌发生发展的关系研究进展

胃癌作为临床上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重危害着人类的生命健康。研究表明,胃癌的发生与细菌感染、病毒感染等有关,表观遗传学改变特别是DNA甲基化在胃癌发生、发展中扮演着重要角色,且DNA甲基化检测在胃癌的早期诊断、评估预后、治疗等临床应用方面,有着广阔前景。笔者主要就DNA甲基化和胃癌之间的关系及临床应用方面进行综述。     

Gut Microbiota and Phenotypic Changes Induced by Ablation of Liver- and Intestinal-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins

Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP; FABP2) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP; FABP1) are small intracellular lipid-binding proteins. Deficiency of either of these proteins in mice leads to differential changes in intestinal lipid transport and metabolism, and to markedly divergent changes in whole-body energy homeostasis. The gut microbiota has been reported to play a pivotal role in metabolic process in the host and can be affected by host genetic factors. Here, we examined the phenotypes of wild-type (WT), LFABP^−/−, and IFABP^−/− mice before and after high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and applied 16S rRNA gene V4 sequencing to explore guild-level changes in the gut microbiota and their associations with the phenotypes. The results show that, compared with WT and IFABP^−/− mice, LFABP^−/− mice gained more weight, had longer intestinal transit time, less fecal output, and more guilds containing bacteria associated with obesity, such as members in family Desulfovibrionaceae. By contrast, IFABP^−/− mice gained the least weight, had the shortest intestinal transit time, the most fecal output, and the highest abundance of potentially beneficial guilds such as those including members from Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. Twelve out of the eighteen genotype-related bacterial guilds were associated with body weight. Interestingly, compared with WT mice, the levels of short-chain fatty acids in feces were significantly higher in LFABP^−/− and IFABP^−/− mice under both diets. Collectively, these studies show that the ablation of LFABP or IFABP induced marked changes in the gut microbiota, and these were associated with HFD-induced phenotypic changes in these mice.     

幽门螺杆菌感染治疗的进展

1983年Warren和Marshall成功地在人胃黏膜组织中分离出幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori，Hp）以来，人们对Hp感染的流行病学、致病机制以及诊断和治疗等均进行了深入研究。     

52例肥胖患者脂肪分布与代谢综合征及糖代谢指标的相关性

目的 探讨定量CT测量的肥胖人群脂肪分布对代谢综合征及糖代谢水平的影响。 方法 选取体质量指数(BMI)≥28的肥胖患者52例,依据是否合并代谢综合征分为合并代谢综合征组(OB-MS组,n=32例)和单纯肥胖组(OB-NMS组,n=20例);根据口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果分为肥胖糖耐量正常组(OB-NGT组,n=17例)、肥胖糖耐量受损组(OB-IGT组,n=15例)及肥胖糖尿病组(OB-DM组,n=20例)。采用螺旋CT定量测定腰2、3、4、5椎体平面脂肪组织总面积及内脏脂肪面积,双侧腰大肌、后背肌肌肉及脂肪面积,肝脏、胰腺脂肪百分比,同时检测各项代谢生化指标并计算胰岛素抵抗指数及胰岛素分泌指数,比较各组不同指标的差异。 结果 OB-MS组内脏脂肪面积(t=3.37)及胰腺脂肪百分比(t=2.05)大于OB-NMS组(P<0.05)。糖耐量不同的肥胖患者,内脏脂肪面积(F=7.63)、肝脏(F=5.93)及胰头脂肪百分比(F=3.70)差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),OB-IGT组和OB-DM组内脏脂肪面积均大于OB-NGT组,OB-DM组肝脏及胰头脂肪百分比大于OB-NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性回归结果显示,调整年龄及胰岛素抵抗指数后,内脏脂肪面积(SB=-0.83,P=0.02)和胰头脂肪百分比(SB=-0.51,P=0.02)与胰岛β细胞功能指数(MBCI)对数呈负相关。 结论 肥胖患者的内脏脂肪沉积与代谢综合征的发生具有密切关系;而内脏、肝脏及胰头脂肪沉积与肥胖患者糖代谢紊乱的发生密切相关。本研究为临床肥胖患者代谢综合征及糖尿病的早期识别提供了可靠的指标。     

Celiac Disease Autoimmunity and Hip Fracture Risk: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study

The impact of celiac disease autoimmunity on bone health is unclear. We investigated the associations of seropositivity for tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) and endomysial antibodies (EMA) with incident hip fractures using data from a prospective cohort study, Mini‐Finland Health Survey. Baseline serum samples, taken in 1978–80, were tested for tTGA and EMA. Incident hip fractures up to the year 2011 were ascertained from a national hospitalization register. Associations between seropositivity and hip fractures were modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, vitamin D, gamma‐glutamyl transferase, smoking, and self‐rated health. Our analyses were based on 6919 men and women who had no record of celiac disease or hip fracture before the study baseline. A total of 382 individuals had a hip fracture during a median follow‐up of 30 years. Compared with the tTGA‐negative individuals (n = 6350), tTGA‐positive participants (n = 569; with hip fracture, n = 51) had a higher risk of hip fractures (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17, 2.14). The findings were similar for another tTGA test (n 200; with hip fracture, n = 26; HR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.49, 3.34). We found no evidence for an association between EMA positivity and hip fracture risk (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.34, 2.47; n = 74; with hip fracture, n = 4). In our prospective population‐based study of Finnish adults, seropositivity for tTGA was associated with an increased hip fracture risk. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.