Complement Activation and Cytokine Generation After Modified Fontan Procedure

Background. The modified Fontan procedure separates the systemic and pulmonary circulations in patients born with a functional single ventricle. Delayed recovery is frequently observed after this procedure. It was our hypothesis that complement activation or cytokine generation may contribute to the pathophysiology of this problem.

Methods. We measured activated complement C3, thromboxane B₂, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor- levels by immunoassay in 16 patients undergoing Fontan procedure. Patient plasma samples were obtained preoperatively, on initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, after administration of protamine, and 1, 4, 8, and 24 hours postoperatively.

Results. There was no early or late mortality in this cohort of patients. Low cardiac output developed in 3 of 16 patients, and pleural effusions developed in 5. The median length of hospital stay was 9 days. Activated complement C3 levels increased from a baseline of 1,486 ± 564 to 4,600 ± 454 ng/mL after cardiopulmonary bypass and administration of protamine, and returned to baseline by 24 hours. The level of interleukin-6 increased from 42 ± 32 to 176 ± 22 pg/mL and at 24 hours remained elevated at 71 ± 15 pg/mL. Neither thromboxane B₂ nor tumor necrosis factor- levels increased significantly.

Conclusions. The data demonstrate threefold to fourfold increases in activated complement C3 and interleukin-6, indicating that both humoral and cellular systems are affected. It is our conclusion that complement and cytokine activation may contribute to the delayed recovery observed after Fontan procedure.     

'This isn't very typical I'm afraid': observing community care complaints procedures

The new complaints procedures which local authority social services departments have been required to introduce represent an important mechanism for managing the change of culture associated with recent community care reforms. They also represent a new genre in mechanisms of redress for welfare recipients. This paper reports the findings of a study which has observed considerable diversity in the ways in which local authorities are interpreting the nature and purposes of the new procedures and, in particular, the functions of review panels established under those procedures. Variations in the composition of panels, in the style of review panel proceedings, in perceptions of the panels' powers, and in the ways that complaints and complainants are constituted are all discussed. Attention is drawn to four competing interpretations of the review panels' role and to the need for these to be clarified and prioritised.     

A Pharmacoeconomic Model to Evaluate Antibiotic Costs

Study Objectives . To characterize patient sociodemographics and health, describe vancomycin treatment parameters and clinician-rated outcomes, and determine costs associated with treatment including preparation and administration, adverse events, and toxicity. Design . A prospective study to develop a model for costs associated with antibiotic treatment (vancomycin). Setting . A community hospital. Patients . One hundred adults with active infections. Interventions . Mean duration of therapy was 10 days, and most patients received 2000 mg/day. Serum concentrations were monitored in two of three patients. Detailed cost analyses were completed on a subset of 26 patients selected at random from the overall sample. Measurements and Main Results . Sepsis and skin and skin structure infections were the most common indications for vancomycin therapy. Treatment was effective in 81 patients, failed in 9, and was not evaluable in 10. Thirty-eight percent of patients experienced adverse events attributable to the drug. Phlebitis was common, and red man syndrome, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity were infrequent. Conclusions . Total cost of vancomycin treatment for 100 patients was $30,251: $23,855 for preparation and administration, $1710 for monitoring serum concentrations, and $4686 for treating adverse reactions. Drug costs accounted for only 55% of the total cost. Vancomycin is safe and effective, but phlebitis is underreported and significantly affects cost.     

Rural Hospital Inpatient Surgical Volume: Cutting-edge Service or Operating on the Margin?

Surgical services are an important part of modern health care, but providing them to isolated rural citizens is especially difficult. Public policy initiatives could influence the supply, training, and distribution of surgeons, much as they have for rural primary care providers. However, so little is known about the proper distribution of surgeons, their contribution to rural health care, and the safety of rural surgery that policy cannot be shaped with confidence. This study examined the volume and complexity of inpatient surgery in rural Washington state as a first step toward a better understanding of the current status of rural surgical services. Information about rural surgical providers was obtained through telephone interviews with administrators at Washington's 42 rural hospitals. The Washington State Department of Health's Commission Hospital Abstract Recording System (CHARS) data provided a count of the annual surgical admissions at rural hospitals. Diagnosis-related group (DRG) weights were used to measure complexity of rural surgical cases. Surgical volume varied greatly among hospitals, even among those with a similar mix of surgical providers. Many hospitals provided a limited set of basic surgical services, while some performed more complex procedures. None of these rural hospitals could be considered high volume when compared to volumes at Seattle hospitals or to research reference criteria that have assessed volume-outcome relationships for surgical procedures. Several hospitals had very low volumes for some complex procedures, raising a question about the safety of performing them. The leaders of small rural hospitals must recognize not only the fiscal and service benefits of surgical services--and these are considerable--but also the potentially adverse effect of low surgical volume on patient outcomes. Policies that encourage the proper training and distribution of surgeons, the retention of basic rural surgical services, and the rational regionalization of complex surgery are likely to enhance the convenience and safety of surgery for rural citizens.     

Geographic Benefit from Decentralized Medical Education: Student and Preceptor Practice Patterns

The performance of area health education center (AHEC)-stimulated programs and decentralized education for medicine is not well understood. The Statewide Education Activities for Rural Colorado's Health (SEARCH)/AHEC project at the University of Colorado School of Medicine was examined to determine if the program had an effect on the practice location of its graduates. Practice location and specialty of graduates of the University of Colorado School of Medicine (UCSOM) classes 1980-1985 were compared for students who had participated in decentralized SEARCH/AHEC experiences versus students who had not. The majority of the graduates were practicing out of state in 1990. Non-Colorado doctors were more often practicing in rural (non-metropolitan statistical area [MSA]) counties and in towns of fewer than 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 residents, respectively. In addition, of the 251 active patient care physicians practicing in Colorado communities of fewer than 10,000 in non-MSA counties in 1986, those who precepted UCSOM students on SEARCH rotations were more likely to have remained in their same practice location in 1992 (77.8% versus 62.1% for those who had not precepted students). This analysis of both student and preceptor practice patterns documents the value of decentralized medical education in addressing the geographic and specialty maldistribution of physicians. These results have important policy implications for funding medical education programs.     

Infantile depression,nonorganic failure to thrive,and DSM-III-R: A different perspective

A controversy exists regarding the classification of nonorganic failure to thrive within the psychiatric nomenclature. There are a number of DSM-III-R diagnoses that may be applied to NOFTT, including Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy (RADI) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The behaviors characteristic of NOFTT are symptomatic of depression, and are similar to those exhibited by infants with anaclitic depression as well as those of the adult with depression. The correspondence of the behaviours of NOFTT and the DSM-III-R criteria for Major Depression are reviewed, as are the conceptual and therapeutic reasons to view NOFTT infants as suffering from Depression.     

Are Continuity Clinic Patients Less Satisfied When the Resident Is Postcall?

Due to recent public debate and newly imposed resident work hour restrictions, we decided to investigate the relationship of resident call status to their ambulatory patients' satisfaction. Resident continuity clinic patients were asked to rate their level of satisfaction on a 10-point Likert-type scale. Using multiple regression approaches, these data were then assessed as a function of resident call status. We found that in 646 patient encounters, patient satisfaction scores were significantly less when the resident was postcall, 8.99 ± 1.8, than when not postcall, 9.31 ± 1.3. We herein discuss etiologies and implications of these findings for both patient care and medical education.