Taking advantage of the strengths of 2 different dietary assessment instruments to improve intake estimates for nutritional epidemiology

With the advent of Internet-based 24-hour recall (24HR) instruments, it is now possible to envision their use in cohort studies investigating the relation between nutrition and disease. Understanding that all dietary assessment instruments are subject to measurement errors and correcting for them under the assumption that the 24HR is unbiased for usual intake, here the authors simultaneously address precision, power, and sample size under the following 3 conditions: 1) 1-12 24HRs; 2) a single calibrated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); and 3) a combination of 24HR and FFQ data. Using data from the Eating at America's Table Study (1997-1998), the authors found that 4-6 administrations of the 24HR is optimal for most nutrients and food groups and that combined use of multiple 24HR and FFQ data sometimes provides data superior to use of either method alone, especially for foods that are not regularly consumed. For all food groups but the most rarely consumed, use of 2-4 recalls alone, with or without additional FFQ data, was superior to use of FFQ data alone. Thus, if self-administered automated 24HRs are to be used in cohort studies, 4-6 administrations of the 24HR should be considered along with administration of an FFQ.     

Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: the role of the metabolic burst

Human monocytes respond to opsonized microorganisms with a "metabolic burst" composed of an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated the role of the metabolic burst in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by human monocytes toward anti-D coated erythrocyte target cells because recent studies suggested a role for oxygen-dependent bactericidal mechanisms in ADCC. In normal monocytes, we found that ADCC was nearly halved under hypoxic conditions. Several agents known to impair activation of the burst, such as vincristine, cation chelators, and a sulfhydryl reagent, all decreased cytotoxicity if added before initiation of contact between target and effector cells. Cytotoxicity was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose but not fluoride, suggesting a nonglycolytic role for glucose in ADCC, perhaps in the HMPS pathway. Although these data suggested a role for the metabolic burst in ADCC, scavengers of ROS did not impair cytotoxicity, and monocytes from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients who had a defective metabolic burst had normal levels of ADCC. We conclude that ADCC toward anti-D coated erythrocyte target cells was the result of at least two independent but closely related cytotoxic pathways. Although one of these pathways appeared to involve the metabolic burst, the potentially cytotoxic reactive oxygen species did not appear to play a role in this system.     

Recombinant human interleukin-3 stimulation of hematopoiesis in humans: loss of responsiveness with differentiation in the neutrophilic myeloid series

Recombinant human (rh) interleukin-3 (IL-3) stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid, granulocyte, macrophage, eosinophil (Eo), and mixed colonies as well as megakaryocytes from human bone marrow cells. rh IL-3 was a weaker stimulus than rh granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM- CSF) for day 14 myeloid cell colonies. At day 7 of incubation, rh IL-3 stimulated a few G, M, and Eo clusters but no colonies. This loss of responsiveness of myeloid cells to rh IL-3 was accentuated with further differentiation of the cells. rh IL-3 stimulated very few or no clones after five-day incubation with enriched promyelocytes and myelocytes, whereas rh GM-CSF was an efficient stimulus. Responsiveness to rh IL-3 was completely lost in postmitotic mature neutrophils. Incubation of these cells with rh IL-3 did not result in enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of tumor cells or superoxide anion production after stimulation with formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), although they could be stimulated by rh GM-CSF. In addition, preincubation of neutrophils with different concentrations of rh IL-3 failed to increase or decrease their response to rh GM-CSF. In contrast to neutrophils, mature Eos could be stimulated by rh IL-3 to kill antibody-coated tumor cells. These results show that cells of the neutrophilic myeloid series lose their responsiveness to h IL-3 as they differentiate and suggest that although h IL-3 may be an important therapeutic agent to use for hematopoietic regeneration in vivo, the lack of stimulation of mature neutrophil function makes it an unlikely sole candidate as adjunct therapy for treatment of infectious diseases.     

Clinical case review: A method to improve identification of true clinical and radiographic pneumonia in children meeting the World Health Organization definition for pneumonia

Background

In 2001, two hexavalent vaccines were licensed in Italy (Hexavac^®, Infanrix Hexa^®), and since 2002 were extensively used for primary immunization in the first year of life (at 3, 5, 11/12 months of age). In 2005, the market authorization of Hexavac^® was precautionary suspended by EMEA, because of doubts on long-term protection against hepatitis B virus. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the persistence of antibodies to anti-HBs, in children in the third year of life, and to investigate the response to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine.

Methods

Participant children were enrolled concomitantly with the offering of anti-polio booster dose, in the third year of life. Anti-HBs titers were determined on capillary blood samples. A booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine was administered to children with anti-HBs titers < 10 mIU/ml, with the monovalent precursor product of the previously received hexavalent vaccine. HBsAb titers were tested again one month after the booster.

Results

Sera from 113 children previously vaccinated with Hexavac^®, and from 124 vaccinated with Infanrix Hexa^® were tested for anti-HBs. Titers were ≥ 10 mIU/ml in 69% and 96% (p < 0,0001) respectively. The proportion of children with titers ≥ 100 mIU/ml did also significantly differ among groups (27% and 78%; p < 0,0001). Post-booster, 93% of children achieved titers ≥ 10 mIU/ml, with no significant difference by vaccine group.

Discussion

Fifteen months after third dose administration, a significant difference in anti-HBs titers was noted in the two vaccine groups considered. Monovalent hepatitis B vaccine administration in 3-year old children induced a proper booster response, confirming that immunologic memory persists in children with anti-HBs titers < 10 mIU/ml. However, long-term persistence of HBV protection after hexavalent vaccines administration should be further evaluated over time.     

Deletions of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor genes p16INK4A and p15INK4B in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

The tumor suppressor genes p16INK4A and p15INK4B map to the 9p21 chromosomal locus and are either homozygously deleted or mutated in a wide range of human cancer cell lines and tumors. Although chromosome 9 abnormalities have been described in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), to date, the mutational status of these genes has not been determined for these malignancies. A total of five cell lines and 75 NHLs were examined for homozygous deletions or point mutations in the coding regions of both the p15 and p16 genes using Southern blot and/or polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses. Homozygous deletions of either the p16 gene or both the p15 and p16 genes were observed in one diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell line and two uncultured lymphomas consisting of one large B-cell and one mixed T-cell lymphoma. In contrast, point mutations were not detected in either the cell lines or lymphomas. These results indicate that the rate of alterations in the p15 and p16 genes is low for lymphomas, but loss of p16 and/or p15 may be involved in the development of some lymphomas.