P6 Complaints of halitosis related to the oral cavity. A preliminary report of 700 consecutive patients

Patients with complaints of halitosis do seek treatment from physicians and dental practitioners, because of the fear that their halitosis may interfere with their social activities. Although the prevalence of halitosis has been reported to be as high as 50%, most physicians and dental practitioners are poorly informed about the causes and treatments of halitosis. In order to care for patients with complaints of halitosis a multidisciplinary team was established at the Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The team included a dental hygienist, an otorhinolaryngologist, and a dentist, who developed a special halitosis programme. One short press release regarding the establishment of the team, was provided to the national press-centre. In the out-patient clinic more than 700 patients were seen by the team. Using a structured questionnaire fed to a PC, patients answered questions regarding complaints about the oral cavity, the upper respiratory tract, the throat, their general health, their cleansing habits of the oral cavity, and prior experiences with general physicians, dental practitioners, and medical specialists. They underwent examinations of the extent of their halitosis, of the perioral and neck region, the oral cavity, the upper respiratory tract, and the upper digestive tract. Finally, the members of the team came to a joint diagnosis and a joint treatment plan for every individual patient. Of the first 700 consecutive patients around 90% had a natural dentition without removable partial dentures. More than 60% were diagnosed as having periodontal disease with pockets of 4 mm or more in the maxilla. This figure was more than 50% in the mandible. Around 95% had tongue coating.     

Auditory P300 and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic pedigrees

Several psychophysiological abnormalities associated with schizophrenia have been proposed as genetic trait markers of vulnerability to the disorder. Smooth pursuit eye tracking dysfunction and abnormal long latency event-related potentials are the most promising candidates. Both are independent of the effects of psychotropic medication or mental state at the time of testing, and twin studies demonstrate that each has a high level of heritability. Having recorded smooth pursuit eye tracking and event-related potentials in 20 high-density schizophrenic families, we find abnormalities in one or both measures in most of the families studied. The abnormalities, when present, occur in the family members with schizophrenia and other forms of functional psychosis, and they have a bimodal distribution with approximately half the nonschizophrenic relatives also showing eye tracking dysfunction and/or abnormal event-related potentials. Some of these relatives had psychiatric symptoms; others were normal. Our results suggest that psychophysiological examination can help to clarify the boundaries of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. By helping to decide the phenotypic status of nonschizophrenic family members, this should increase the power of DNA linkage studies.     

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis: comparison of agar-gel precipitin test and enzyme immunoassay

The agar-gel precipitation test (AGPT) was compared with Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, 164 women being screened for chlamydial antibodies and antigens in their sera and in endocervical specimens, respectively. The AGPT showed good correlation with EIA in the 164 paired sera and endocervical specimens, resulting in 27 (16.5%) and 22 (13.4%) positive results, respectively (P greater than 0.05). The overall sensitivity of the AGPT compared to EIA was 86.4% (19 of 22), and the specificity was 94.4% (134 of 142).     

Risk factors and their relation to initiation of alcohol use among early adolescents

This study examined the relationship between risk factors and initiation of alcohol use over a 15-month period among a cohort of 7th graders who were abstainers at the time of initial testing. The relationship between risk factors and alcohol use was examined using a discriminant function analysis. At the univariate level, rejection of parental authority, deviant behavior, and sensation seeking were statistically significant. The discriminant function retained only three of the risk factors: rejection of parental authority, deviant behavior, and religious commitment. Implications for school-based prevention programs are discussed, particularly the need to target primary prevention programs based upon adolescents' risk.     

Preclinical profile of stereoisomers of the anticonvulsant remacemide in mice

Stereoisomers of remacemide (racemate form) were compared for anticonvulsant efficacy and safety in mice. In the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test for oral efficacy, the (-) stereoisomer, FPL 14145, was more potent than the racemate or the (+) stereoisomer, FPL 14144. Respective ED50 values (expressed as mg/kg) were: remacemide, 58; FPL 14145, 45; FPL 14144, 79. In 2 of 3 tests for neural impairment, FPL 14145 yielded significantly better therapeutic indices (toxic dose 50/ED50) than the racemate. The margin of safety (estimated median lethal dose ED50) was more favorable for FPL 14144: remacemide, 15.1; FPL 14144, 18.9; FPL 14145, 15.7. The duration of protection against MES indicated the stereoisomers were longer acting than the racemate. After intravenous administration the order of potency against MES was similar: FPL 14145 greater than remacemide greater than FPL 14144. Following daily administration of the oral ED98 for 4 days, with a dose response curve run on day 5, the MES ED50 values for all compounds were increased. The test indicates tolerance. In the pentylenetetrazol infusion test the racemate and FPL 14144 demonstrated more proconvulsant properties than FPL 14145. Intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg or more produced changes in behavior with all compounds. At higher doses the racemate and FPL 14145 elicited more severe symptoms with death at 200 mg/kg.     

Tachykinin receptor cross-talk. Immunological cross-reactivity between the external domains of the substance K and substance P receptors.

In the present study, we have chemically synthesized peptides which correspond to the four putative extracellular domains of the predicted substance K (SK) receptor protein and raised specific polyclonal antibodies against these peptides. These antibodies were then tested for both structural and functional recognition of epitopes on the substance P (SP) receptor on rat AR42J pancreatic cells and human IM9 lymphoblasts, which express the SP receptor, but not the SK receptor. Antibodies directed against the first, second, and fourth external domains of the predicted SK receptor recognized a 58-kDa protein on AR42J cells. This protein has a molecular weight similar to the previously demonstrated SP receptor on both AR42J cells and IM9 cells. Furthermore, antibodies against the second and fourth extracellular domains significantly inhibited specific 125I-SP binding on both AR42J and IM9 cells, and also significantly inhibited SP-induced mobilization of [Ca2+]i on AR42J cells. These data suggest that the second and fourth extracellular domains of the SK and SP receptors may share common structural motifs for ligand binding and signaling mechanism.     

Who is served by programs for the homeless? Admission to a domiciliary care program for homeless veterans

Demographic and clinical data are presented on 4,138 veterans assessed in the 20-site Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veterans program during its first year of operation. More than two-thirds of the veterans who were screened had been hospitalized in VA medical centers during the year before assessment, and 34 percent were hospitalized at the time of assessment. Compared with veterans who were not admitted for residential treatment, veterans who were admitted were more likely to be previously involved in mental health treatment, literally homeless rather than at risk for homelessness, and without public financial support. Specialized service programs for the homeless such as the VA domiciliary care program may also be called on to play a broader role in the discharge and rehabilitative efforts of public mental health service systems.     

Use of a computer-based health risk appraisal by older adults

BACKGROUND. A health risk appraisal (HRA) is a tool for health promotion. Conversational microcomputer-based HRAs may be more cost effective than other HRA formats. The acceptability of conversational HRAs, however, has not been demonstrated for older adults. METHODS. We studied the acceptability of a conversational microcomputer-based HRA in a sample of 247 adults at the Minnesota State Fair and the Senior Options Exposition. All users were offered the appraisal via mouse or keyboard interface. Acceptability was measured in terms of user-reported helpfulness, intent to change, time of use, and willingness to view HRA health recommendations. Data on completion time and willingness to view HRA recommendations were collected for Senior Exposition users only. Regression analyses were used to examine the combined impact of interface (mouse or keyboard), location (State Fair or Senior Exposition), age, and sex on user acceptability. Results. Interface and location had no effect on helpfulness or change ratings. Older users rated the appraisal more helpful (P less than .007). Both older and female users reported more intent to change behavior (P = .016, both). Time to use the appraisal was related to interface, age, and sex. Mouse users (P less than .0001), older users (P less than .0001) and female users (P less than .05) took significantly longer to use the appraisal. Significantly more mouse users declined to see recommendations (P less than .02). CONCLUSIONS. Older users can derive as much or more value from conversational health risk appraisals as younger users; however, a mouse interface may be less effective for this age group.     

Multiphase radon generation and transport in porous materials

Radon generation and transport in porous materials involve solid, liquid, and gas phases in the processes of emanation, diffusion, advection, absorption, and adsorption. Oversimplifications, such as representing moist soil systems by air-phase emanation and transport models, cause theoretical inconsistencies and biases in resulting calculations. Detailed Rn rate balance equations for solid, liquid, and gas phases were analyzed and combined using phase equilibrium constants to derive a single diffusive-advective rate balance equation in the traditional form. The emanation, diffusion, and permeability coefficients in the new equation have expanded definitions and interpretations to include Rn phase transfer. Radon adsorption was characterized by an exponential moisture dependence, and diffusion and permeability constants utilized previous moisture relationships. Correct boundary and interface conditions were defined, and the unified theoretical approach was applied to field data from a diffusion-dominated system and to laboratory data from an advection-dominated system. Measured 222Rn fluxes and concentrations validated the modeled values within the measurement variability in both applications.