全文获取类型
收费全文 | 38101篇 |
免费 | 3174篇 |
国内免费 | 81篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 294篇 |
儿科学 | 1706篇 |
妇产科学 | 1184篇 |
基础医学 | 5180篇 |
口腔科学 | 398篇 |
临床医学 | 4637篇 |
内科学 | 6982篇 |
皮肤病学 | 681篇 |
神经病学 | 4504篇 |
特种医学 | 721篇 |
外科学 | 3709篇 |
综合类 | 352篇 |
现状与发展 | 1篇 |
一般理论 | 74篇 |
预防医学 | 5204篇 |
眼科学 | 595篇 |
药学 | 2500篇 |
中国医学 | 35篇 |
肿瘤学 | 2599篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 62篇 |
2023年 | 577篇 |
2022年 | 943篇 |
2021年 | 1951篇 |
2020年 | 1156篇 |
2019年 | 1674篇 |
2018年 | 1880篇 |
2017年 | 1271篇 |
2016年 | 1438篇 |
2015年 | 1494篇 |
2014年 | 1960篇 |
2013年 | 2460篇 |
2012年 | 3565篇 |
2011年 | 3449篇 |
2010年 | 1726篇 |
2009年 | 1483篇 |
2008年 | 2274篇 |
2007年 | 2364篇 |
2006年 | 1998篇 |
2005年 | 1832篇 |
2004年 | 1566篇 |
2003年 | 1293篇 |
2002年 | 1166篇 |
2001年 | 146篇 |
2000年 | 107篇 |
1999年 | 177篇 |
1998年 | 230篇 |
1997年 | 136篇 |
1996年 | 114篇 |
1995年 | 114篇 |
1994年 | 106篇 |
1993年 | 96篇 |
1992年 | 54篇 |
1991年 | 45篇 |
1990年 | 40篇 |
1989年 | 29篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 23篇 |
1986年 | 30篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 24篇 |
1982年 | 25篇 |
1981年 | 26篇 |
1980年 | 29篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 15篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
161.
Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels in Plasma by Using Small-Volume-Format Branched-DNA Assays 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of clinical microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Torange Yeghiazarian Yuqi Zhao Stanley E. Read William Kabat Xiaoyi Li Sarah J. Hamren Patrick J. Sheridan Judith C. Wilber David N. Chernoff Ram Yogev 《Journal of clinical microbiology》1998,36(7):2096-2098
We have developed small-volume (50 or 250 μl)-format branched-DNA assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA for use with specimens in which the volume is limited and/or a high viral load is anticipated. These formats exhibited good correlation with the standard 1-ml format; high specificity, reproducibility, and linearity; and no significant difference in the quantification of HIV-1 subtypes. 相似文献
162.
De AK Roach SE De M Minielly RC Laudanski K Miller-Graziano CL Bankey PE 《Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry》2005,26(1):35-42
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs; commonly known as neutrophils) play essential roles in innate immunity and inflammation. Although there are standardized methods for the isolation of human neutrophils, they are time consuming and demand considerable technical expertise, making them unfeasible for many clinical applications. Here, we describe a simple and time-efficient technique for the isolation of human neutrophils, which adapts a readily available commercial cell preparation tube (CPT) currently in use for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma and is now adapted to also yield neutrophils. The total time required for neutrophil isolation was less than 1 hr. Neutrophils isolated by this method were highly purified (> or =97%) as assessed by surface expression of the neutrophil specific marker, CD66b. Neutrophils isolated by this method were functional as demonstrated by their ability to secrete interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). Neutrophils isolated using this new technique secreted significant amounts of soluble IL-1RA (929.3+/-197 pg/10(6)cells/mL) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Use of this adapted CPT method allows simultaneous isolation of functional human neutrophils as well as PBMC and plasma. Adoption of this new method will allow the conduct of different neutrophil assays at any clinical site without requiring trained laboratory personnel or a large staff time commitment. 相似文献
163.
Shaw SH Hutchison D Saiz R Abel K DeLisi LE Schork NJ Sherrington R 《American journal of medical genetics》2002,114(2):205-213
To assess the utility of linkage disequilibrium (LD) as a tool for fine-mapping disease genes in non-isolated populations, we have assessed the linkage disequilibrium strength among a series of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an approximate 1 Mb region of human chromosome 22q11. Nineteen random SNPs were discovered and tested across this region with an average spacing of 57 kb (range=1.4-289 kb). These 19 SNPs were genotyped in a population consisting of 444 unrelated pedigrees that were largely collected in the U.S. and U.K. Haplotypes for all pedigrees were derived from pedigree data and over 1,400 haplotypes from unrelated individuals were evaluated for linkage disequilibrium between marker alleles. In addition, linkage disequilibrium between marker alleles was also evaluated using estimated haplotypes without genealogical information (i.e., without parental genotype information). Every marker pair combination was tested for a total of 171 tests and 2x2 contingency tables were constructed to measure LD strength. In general the haplotypes derived from pedigree data provided a more conservative estimate of LD strength. Using genealogical information for estimates of D', 59% (10/17) of marker pairs less than 50 kb apart had D' values >0.30. Finally, we observed a 60 kb region with non-significant LD, which could reflect increased recombination in this region. 相似文献
164.
Sarah L. Nolin Anne Glicksman Nicole Tortora Emily Allen James Macpherson Montserrat Mila Angela M. Vianna‐Morgante Stephanie L. Sherman Carl Dobkin Gary J. Latham Andrew G. Hadd 《American journal of medical genetics. Part A》2019,179(7):1148-1156
Instability of the FMR1 repeat, commonly observed in transmissions of premutation alleles (55–200 repeats), is influenced by the size of the repeat, its internal structure and the sex of the transmitting parent. We assessed these three factors in unstable transmissions of 14/3,335 normal (~5 to 44 repeats), 54/293 intermediate (45–54 repeats), and 1561/1,880 premutation alleles. While most unstable transmissions led to expansions, contractions to smaller repeats were observed in all size classes. For normal alleles, instability was more frequent in paternal transmissions and in alleles with long 3′ uninterrupted repeat lengths. For premutation alleles, contractions also occurred more often in paternal than maternal transmissions and the frequency of paternal contractions increased linearly with repeat size. All paternal premutation allele contractions were transmitted as premutation alleles, but maternal premutation allele contractions were transmitted as premutation, intermediate, or normal alleles. The eight losses of AGG interruptions in the FMR1 repeat occurred exclusively in contractions of maternal premutation alleles. We propose a refined model of FMR1 repeat progression from normal to premutation size and suggest that most normal alleles without AGG interruptions are derived from contractions of maternal premutation alleles. 相似文献
165.
Goldberg I Gilburd B Kravitz MS Kivity S Chaim BB Klein T Schiffenbauer Y Trubniykovr E Brenner S Shoenfeld Y 《Clinical & developmental immunology》2005,12(1):85-90
Background: There are several mechanisms to describe allergic drug
reactions yet the methods to diagnose them are limited.
Objective: To compare several conventional clinical and laboratory
methods to diagnose skin reactions to drugs
to a new method of diagnosing drug reactions by the CellScan system.
Methods: The study entailed 21 patients who were diagnosed as
suffering from drug eruptions, and 105 healthy controls with no history of drug
allergy. The drugs were classified into two groups according to suspicion of
causing drug allergy: high and low. Most of the patients were on more than
one drug, leading to 41 patient-drug interactions (assays). Histamine
releasing test (HRT), interferon (INF)-γ releasing test and CellScan
examination were performed on lymphocytes of the patients and controls.
Results: The HRT was interpreted as positive in 9 out of 18 (50%)
patients and in 13 out of 35 (37%) assays. Based on the INF-γ releasing test,
positive results were observed in 16 out of 21 (76%) patients and in 24 out of 41
(59%) assays. In the CellScan test (CST), positive results were observed in 17
out of 21 (81%) patients and in 29 out of 41 (71%) assays. The rate of identifying
the drug for eruption in the high suspicion level drugs was 9 out of 22 (41%)
assays in the HRT, 20 out of 24 (83%) assays in the INF-γ releasing test, and 21
out of 24 (87%) studies with the CellScan method. The rate of determining of
the drug that caused the eruption in the low suspicion level drugs was 4 out of
13 (31%) in the HRT, 4 out of 17 (24%) assays in the INF-γ releasing test, and 8
out of 17 (47%) analyses in the CST. When examined
in the CellScan, 99 out of 105 (94%) controls were interpreted as negative.
Conclusion: This preliminary study indicates that the CellScan seems to
be an easy and promising method for the detection of drugs responsible for
adverse skin reactions. In contrast to the HRT and to the Interferon-γ secretion
test, the CellScan method is characterized by its ability to track and monitor
the reaction of individual cells. By measuring the kinetic parameters of selected
cells before and after adding the suspected drug, we were able to identify
the culprit drug. The CellScan method had the highest sensitivity, and the
interferon-γ secretion test had the highest specificity for detection of the culprit
drug. In contrast, the analysis of 105
normal control sera disclosed a high specificity of 94% for the CellScan method. 相似文献
166.
167.
Jon D Larson Shannon A Wadman Eleanor Chen Lesa Kerley Karl J Clark Mark Eide Sarah Lippert Aidas Nasevicius Stephen C Ekker Perry B Hackett Jeffrey J Essner 《Developmental dynamics》2004,231(1):204-213
We have identified the zebrafish homologue of VE-cadherin and documented its expression in the developing vascular system. The zebrafish VE-cadherin gene is specifically expressed in the vascular endothelial cell lineage beginning with the differentiation and migration of angioblasts and persists throughout vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and endocardium development. Staining zebrafish embryos by whole-mount in situ hybridization with the VE-cadherin probe provides a method to screen embryos for vascular defects. To illustrate this utility, we used VE-cadherin expression to demonstrate a conservation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) function. The morpholino antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of VEGF-A function in zebrafish embryos results in a loss of angiogenic blood vessels, as indicated by the lack of VE-cadherin expression in the intersegmental vasculature. This loss can be restored in embryos supplemented with either zebrafish or human VEGF-A, the latter indicating that genes crucial to angiogenesis have highly conserved functional activities in vertebrates. 相似文献
168.
The X-linked muscle-wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin. There is currently no effective treatment for the disease; however, the complex molecular pathology of this disorder is now being unravelled. Dystrophin is located at the muscle sarcolemma in a membrane-spanning protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina. Mutations in many components of the dystrophin protein complex cause other forms of autosomally inherited muscular dystrophy, indicating the importance of this complex in normal muscle function. Although the precise function of dystrophin is unknown, the lack of protein causes membrane destabilization and the activation of multiple pathophysiological processes, many of which converge on alterations in intracellular calcium handling. Dystrophin is also the prototype of a family of dystrophin-related proteins, many of which are found in muscle. This family includes utrophin and alpha-dystrobrevin, which are involved in the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction architecture and in muscle homeostasis. New insights into the pathophysiology of dystrophic muscle, the identification of compensating proteins, and the discovery of new binding partners are paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies to treat this fatal muscle disease. This review discusses the role of the dystrophin complex and protein family in muscle and describes the physiological processes that are affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 相似文献
169.
In-vitro adhesion of endometrium to autologous peritoneal membranes: effect of the cycle phase and the stage of endometriosis 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Debrock S Vander Perre S Meuleman C Moerman P Hill JA D'Hooghe TM 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》2002,17(10):2523-2528
BACKGROUND: Endometrium can adhere to autologous peritoneum. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of the menstrual cycle phase and the presence and stage of endometriosis on in-vitro adhesion of endometrium onto autologous peritoneum. METHODS: This was performed in an academic medical research centre. Sixty-seven subfertile women with a visually normal pelvis (n = 18) and with biopsy-proven endometriosis (n = 49) were included. Endometrial and peritoneal biopsies were obtained at laparoscopy during menstrual, follicular and luteal phase. Endometrium was cultured in vitro with autologous peritoneum, followed by fixation, paraffin embedding, serial sectioning, hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Endometrial-peritoneal adhesion was evaluated using light microscopy. RESULTS: Endometrial-peritoneal adhesion was observed in approximately 80% of the adhesion assays and was not affected by the phase of the cycle, or by the presence and stage of endometriosis. The continuity of the mesothelial layer was disrupted at the attachment sites. Epithelialization was observed along the edges to integrate the endometrial implant. After adhesion, histological changes were observed within and below the implant. CONCLUSIONS: Endometrium obtained during menstrual, follicular or luteal phase appears to have a similar potential to implant in vitro on autologous peritoneum, and this adhesion process is not affected by the stage of endometriosis. 相似文献
170.