Chlorhexidine susceptibility and Eagle effect in planktonic cells and biofilm of nosocomial isolates

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases - The aim of this study is to evaluate the chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) susceptibility in both planktonic cells and biofilm of...     

Figures of merit to compare distributed linear inverse solutions

Summary This paper introduces the concept of the resolution matrix as the basis for an objective theoretical comparison of distributed linear inverse solutions to the neuroelectromagnetic inverse problem. In particular, we describe how figures of merit derived from the resolution matrices can be represented graphically to evaluate merits and shortcomings of the different solutions. The use of the figures of merit is illustrated with two solutions that consider minimal a priori information about the generators: Classical Minimum Norm and Backus Gilbert. We recommend to start any analysis with the individual exploration of the resolution kernel for each grid point or at least for those points where the activity is likely to occur. This analysis might help in selecting the optimal inverse for the sources that are supposed to be active in the process under study.This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Klinische Forschergruppe Biomagnetismus and Biosignalanalyse). Partial support was received from Swiss National Foundation grant 4038-044081/1.     

Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Selegiline Transdermal System Relative to Single-Dose Oral Administration in the Elderly

This open-label, two-phase cross-over study compared the safety and pharmacokinetics of transdermally administered selegiline and orally administered selegiline hydrochloride in elderly men and women (n = 6/gender). Single oral doses of 10 mg selegiline hydrochloride and single 1/2 and 1 selegiline transdermal system (STS) (delivering similar3.4 and 6.3 mg over 24 h) administered topically were safe and well tolerated in all subjects. Plasma concentrations of selegiline (SEL) and its N-desmethylselegiline (DMS), L-amphetamine (AMP), and L-methamphetamine (MET) metabolites were measured using an HPLC/MS/MS method with lower quantitation limits of 10, 50, 200, and 200 pg/mL, respectively. No significant gender-related differences were observed following single 10-mg oral doses of selegiline hydrochloride or single 24-h applications of 1/2 and 1 STS to elderly males and females. The low level of dermal irritation as assessed by erythema and edema rating scales suggests that the STS was similar to Band-Aid (Johnson & Johnson, Skillman, NJ) controls. The transdermal administration of SEL bypasses the first-pass metabolism, that is significant after oral administration (first-pass extraction >90%). Peak plasma levels of 1.19, 23.22, 4.78, and 14.08 ng/mL were observed for SEL, DMS, AMP, and MET after a single 10-mg oral dose to the elderly. By contrast, peak plasma levels of 2.10, 0.85, 1.06, and 2.71 ng/mL were observed for SEL, DMS, AMP, and MET after a single 24-h application of 1 STS. Comparison of dose-corrected areas under the curve (AUCs) (made under the assumption of linear pharmacokinetics) indicate the SEL exposure after transdermal application was more than 50-fold greater than that obtained orally. This increase in systemic SEL exposure at the expense of metabolite formation that is reduced to <70% of that obtained orally for N-DMS, L-AMP, and L-MET is hypothesized to be of therapeutic value in patients with a variety of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.     

Renal Ultrasound Changes After Pyeloplasty in Children With Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Long-term Outcome in 47 Renal Units

Purpose

We evaluated the use of renal ultrasound for monitoring pyelocaliectasis after pyeloplasty in children.

Materials and Methods

Changes in pyelocaliceal dilatation following pyeloplasty were assessed by serial ultrasound. Of 104 children 0 to 12 years old who underwent pyeloplasty between 1982 and 1992, 44 (47 renal units) were monitored with serial ultrasound for at least 2 years (range 2 to 9, mean 3.8). Patient ages at pyeloplasty were 0 to 3 months (17), 4 to 12 months (8), 1 to 6 years (13) and 7 to 12 years (6). Preoperative and postoperative ultrasound was reviewed by a single pediatric radiologist blinded to the date of surgery. The degree of pyelocaliectasis was graded as 0 to 4 according to the classification of the Society for Fetal Urology.

Results

Preoperative ultrasound revealed grade 4 pyelocaliectasis in 26 kidneys (55 percent) and grade 3 disease in 21 (45 percent). Grade was the same or worse 1 month after pyeloplasty in the majority of kidneys (92 percent) studied at this interval. Of the 47 renal units assessed 43 (91 percent) showed improvement in pyelocaliectasis during postoperative followup. Only 38 percent of the kidneys improved during the first 6 months of followup, while 81 percent were improved 2 years postoperatively. Improvement to grade 0 or 1 dilatation occurred in only 9 kidneys (19 percent). The rate of resolution of pyelocaliectasis was not related to preoperative grade or patient age at pyeloplasty.

Conclusions

Improvement on renal ultrasound after pyeloplasty appears to be gradual. Less than half of the patients had improvement in the initial 6 months after pyeloplasty and pyelocaliectasis rarely resolved completely. While renal ultrasound can provide an accurate and cost-effective means of monitoring children on a long-term basis after pyeloplasty, sonographic evaluation in the early postoperative period commonly shows increased or unchanged pyelocaliectasis.     

Upper airway obstruction and pulmonary abnormalities due to lymphoproliferative disease following bone marrow transplantation in children

We report three patients who developed severe supraglottic airway obstruction due to Epstein-Barr virus lymphoproliferative disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In addition to enlarged pharyngeal lymphoid tissue seen in all three patients, two had supraglottic airway narrowing and two developed pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease. They were treated with unmanipulated T cells or EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Life-threatening upper airway obstruction is a radiologically detectable complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children. Received: 12 August 1997 Accepted: 11 December 1997     

Is there an incremental rise in the risk of obstetric intervention with increasing maternal age?

Objective To determine whether increasing maternal age increases the risk of operative delivery and to investigate whether such a trend is due to fetal or maternal factors.
Design Analysis of prospectively collected data on a maternity unit database.
Setting A postgraduate teaching hospital.
Population 6410 nulliparous women with singleton cephalic pregnancies delivering at term (37–42) weeks of gestation) between 1 January 92 and 31 December 95.
Main outcome measures Mode of delivery, rates of prelabour caesarean section, induction of labour and epidural usage.
Results There was a positive, highly significant association between increasing maternal age and obstetric intervention. Prelabour (  P < 0.001  ) and emergency (   P < 0.001  ) caesarean section, instrumental vaginal delivery (spontaneous labour   P < 0.001  ; induced labour   P = 0.001  ), induction of labour (   P < 0.001  ) and epidural usage in spontaneous labour (  P = 0.005  ) all increased with increasing age. In the second stage of labour fetal distress and failure to advance, requiring instrumental delivery, were both more likely with increasing maternal age (in both   P < 0.001  ). Epidural usage in induced labour and the incidence of small for gestational age newborns did not increase with increasing maternal age (P = 0.68 and  P = 0.50  , respectively).
Conclusions This study demonstrates that increasing maternal age is associated with an incremental increase in obstetric intervention. Previous studies have demonstrated a significant effect in women older than 35 years of age, but these data show changes on a continuum from teenage years. This finding may reflect a progressive, age-related deterioration in myometrial function.     

Epididymal metastases as the first sign of a colon cancer recurrence

Metastastic tumours involving the epididymis are rare and most often found in patients with disseminated disease. It is even more unusual when the metastasis of the epididymis is the first sign of tumour recurrence. We report a case of an asymptomatic recurrent colon carcinoma presenting as metastasis in the epididymis. Although metastatic cancer presenting as an intra-scrotal mass is extremely rare, it should be considered as a possibility in patients who present with a mass involving the testicle or epididymis.     

AYA testis cancer: The unmet challenge

Testis cancer is considered a rare‐incidence cancer but comprises the third most common cancer diagnosed within the adolescent and young adult (AYA) years (15–39 years). Most testis cancer patients can anticipate a survival outcome in excess of 95%. However, there are subgroups of AYA patients where outcomes are considerably worse, including younger adolescents, patients with certain histological subtypes, or from certain ethnic backgrounds. For those cured with chemotherapy, the toxicity of treatment and burden of late effects is significant. Newer germ cell tumor–specific biomarkers may identify patients who do not require further treatment interventions or may detect early recurrence, potentially reducing the burden of treatment required for cure. An international collaboration for this rare tumor is creating the forum for trial design, where these biomarker research questions are embedded. Going forward, AYA testis cancer patients could benefit from having a more personalized treatment plan, tailored to risk, that minimizes the overall burden of late effects.