ACETALDEHYDE ADDUCTS WITH HAEMOGLOBIN: DETERMINATION OF ACETALDEHYDE RELEASED FROM HAEMOGLOBIN BY ACID HYDROLYSIS

Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, reacts with haemoglobinin vitro to produce acetaldehyde—haemoglobin adducts.Some clinical studies on the minor haemoglobins have suggestedthat these adducts may be formed in people abusing alcohol.Under hydrolysis of haemoglobin, with oxalic acid at 100°Cin sealed vials, some acetaldehyde was released and then specificallydetermined by HPLC. The kinetics of hydrolysis were studiedusing haemoglobin previously labelled with ¹⁴[C] acetaldehyde.The maximum liberation of ¹⁴[C] acetaldehyde was obtained after3 hr 30 min hydrolysis and this time factor was then utilizedin the analysis of alcoholic and control haemoglobin. Thus,we have confirmed the formation of acetaldehyde haemoglobinadducts in vivo. It must be noted that the released acetaldehydecorresponds only to an index of the stable adducts. The levelswere higher in alcoholics than in controls (1.417±0.171and 1.295±0.139 nmol/mg Hb, respectively, P<0.001).In conclusion, this marker is not a convenient tool for themonitoring of alcohol exposure levels because of the low differencesbetween alcoholic and control haemoglobins.     

The effect of psychosocial factors on lung cancer mortality at one year

In this study newly diagnosed male and female lung cancer patients admitted to two Ontario Cancer Foundation treatment clinics were interviewed. Information was obtained on demographic variables, presence of other chronic illness and the following psychosocial attributes: locus of control, social support and personality traits. From the clinic charts, information on stage of disease and pathological diagnosis was obtained. After controlling for the effects of stage and pathological diagnosis, the following psychological variables were found to increase the odds of death from lung cancer among males and females combined at one year after diagnosis: a high need for one aspect of social support, a reserved personality and the extremes of the personality trait soberness vs enthusiasm.     

Isolation of African swine fever virus from ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) collected within the African swine fever enzootic area of Malawi

Ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex were collected from domestic pig sties and dwelling houses, and from a warthog habitat, and tested for the presence of African swine fever (ASF) virus. Collections were made in 9 of the 24 districts of Malawi, these being primarily the districts in which O. moubata is most numerous. ASF virus was isolated from ticks collected in both domestic pig sties and houses in certain villages in Mchinji district where ASF outbreaks had recently occurred. Mchinji district is in the centre of a large ASF enzootic area which stretches into other districts of Malawi and also into Zambia and Mozambique. The high titre of virus in some of the ticks demonstrates that O. moubata can act as a virus reservoir and potential vector of disease in the field situation in Malawi.     

Real American children: The challenge for after-school programs

Several million American children are currently unsupervised during the hours between school and parents' leaving for and/or return from the workplace. Many families would prefer other arrangements, but cost or availability factors present insurmountable barriers. Although growing, the public response continues to fall far short of the need; in the meantime, private entrepreneurs are moving to fill the gaps in available services. But if these programs for school-aged children are to serve functions other than the aggrandizement of their sponsors, they must be focused on the real needs that exist among real American children. Among the real children in need of care are those who are impoverished, unsupervised, unfit physically, unprepared for the demands of school and workplace, hurried into premature adulthood, and/or disconnected from the social worlds around them. Professional child and youth care workers with experience in day care and residential settings have the preparation needed to take leadership roles in creating developmentally appropriate, effective programs to meet the emerging demands for school-age child care and to weave them into a fabric of youth-centered community services.     

Juvenile hypocalcemia provokes persistent electroencephalographic change in renally compromised rats

In view of the putative involvement of calcium in uremic encephalopathy and the critical importance of this element in juvenile development, we examined the effect of temporary restriction of dietary calcium intake on serum chemistry and the quantitative electroencephalogram (Q.EEG) in unilaterally 3/4 nephrectomized juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were renally infarcted at 22-26 days of age (50-74 g) and placed on one of two isocaloric dietary regimens: powdered normal rat diet (ND, n = 25) or low calcium diet (LCD, n = 8) for 30 days. At this time, ND animals showed normal serum chemistries, whereas LCD rats were hypocalcemic and azotemic with significantly elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations and reduced renal creatinine clearance values. All animals thereafter received ND for 25-34 further days, during which time chronic Q.EEG electrodes were implanted. At the end of the common ND feeding period, serum chemistry values were equal and normal in both groups. The average theta/alpha ratio (TAR) of the overnight Q.EEG was assessed for 3 days. We found that the TAR of previously LCD animals was significantly elevated compared with ND rats. This indicates an encephalopathic slowing of the background rhythm of these animals. We conclude that, following restoration of a transient uremic and hypocalcemic episode induced by LCD feeding, the Q.EEG background frequency of juvenile renally impaired rats was abnormally slow after 30 days of ND feeding.     

Systemic effects of intraocular epinephrine during cataract surgery

This paper examines the effects of intraocular epinephrine on systemic blood pressure and heart rate during cataract surgery. Sixty-two patients were studied, all of whom received an intraocular infusion of approximately 200 to 300 mL of balanced salt solution with 0.5 mL of epinephrine 1:1000. There was no statistically significant change in blood pressure or heart rate during the time of epinephrine administration. Electrocardiogram monitoring during surgery showed no changes. We believe that dilute concentrations of epinephrine administered during extracapsular cataract extraction pose little threat of systemic toxicity.