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The growth and mineralization of incisor and molar teeth in rat is described, mathematically, by considering dental tissues as a heterogeneous population of elementary volumes. Solution of the theoretical analysis is based on chemical and radiochemical measurements in blood, and in specific gravity fractions separated by density gradient. A series of functions describe the evolution of the population of volumes as a whole, and define the rate of formation, the rate of destruction and the resulting rate of growth. At the level of the elementary volume, the function of calcification, which describes how a volume calcifies as it ages was found, as in bone, to be independent of the age of the animal. 相似文献
33.
Effects of postural changes of the upper limb on reflex transmission in the lower limb. Cervicolumbar reflex interactions in man. 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
P J Delwaide C Figiel C Richelle 《Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry》1977,40(6):616-621
The influence of passive changes in upper limb position on the excitability of three myotatic arc reflexes (soleus, quadriceps, and biceps femoris) of the lower limb has been explored on 42 volunteers. The results indicate that the excitability of the three myotatic arcs can be influenced at a distance by postural modifications of the upper limb. When the ipsilateral upper limb is forwards or the contralateral backwards, a facilitation of both soleus and quadriceps tendon reflexes is observed while the biceps femoris reflexes are reduced. This pattern of facilitation and inhibition is reversed when the ipsilateral upper limb is backwards or the contralateral forwards. The facilitations as well as inhibitions of proximal myotatic arc reflexes are quantitatively more marked than that of the soleus reflex. Facilitation and inhibition are not linearly related to the angle of the arm with the trunk. Effects begin at a considerable angle, become maximal at 45 degrees, and progressively disappear for greater values. It is suggested that the distinct pattern of facilitation and inhibition which is exerted in reciprocal fashion on extensor and flexor motor nuclei might depend on the long propriospinal neurones connecting cervical and lumbar enlargements. 相似文献
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Arifuzzaman M Rashu R Leung DT Hosen MI Bhuiyan TR Bhuiyan MS Rahman MA Khanam F Saha A Charles RC Larocque RC Weil AA Clements JD Holmes RK Calderwood SB Harris JB Ryan ET Qadri F 《Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI》2012,19(8):1304-1311
Young children, older children, and adults develop comparable levels and durations of immunity following cholera. In comparison, young children receiving oral killed cholera vaccines (OCV) develop a lower level and shorter duration of protection than those of older children and adults. The reasons for this are unclear. We investigated OCV-induced memory T cell responses in younger and older children and compared responses to those in children with cholera. We found that patients with cholera developed significant levels of toxin-specific effector memory T cells (T(EM)) with follicular helper and gut-homing characteristics. Older children (6 to 14 years of age) receiving two doses of OCV containing recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) had more modest T(EM) responses with follicular helper and gut-homing characteristics, but younger vaccinees (24 to 71 months of age) did not develop T(EM) responses. The T(EM) response correlated positively with subsequent IgG memory B cell responses specific to rCTB in older vaccinees. Cytokine analyses indicated that cholera patients developed significant Th1, Th17, and Th2 responses, while older children receiving vaccine developed more modest increases in Th1 and Th17 cells. Younger vaccinees had no increase in Th1 cells, a decrease in Th17 cells, and an increase in regulatory T (Treg) cells. Our findings suggest that T cell memory responses are markedly diminished in children receiving OCV, especially young children, compared to responses following naturally acquired cholera, and that these differences affect subsequent development of memory B cell responses. These findings may explain the lower efficacy and shorter duration of protection afforded by OCV in young children. 相似文献
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Williams RT Yao K Stewart AK Winchester DJ Turk M Gorchow A Jaskowiak N Winchester DP 《Annals of surgical oncology》2011,18(13):3802-3810
Background
Needle biopsy to diagnose breast cancer may soon become a quality measure for which hospitals are held accountable. This study examines the utilization of needle versus excisional biopsy in a contemporary cohort of patients and identifies factors associated with biopsy type. 相似文献38.
Mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris are autoimmune blistering disorders in which many similar drugs and therapeutic strategies are utilized. In general, localized disease can be treated with topical agents. In contrast, patients with more severe and progressive disease usually require a combination of systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications. Oral corticosteroids, adjuvant immunosuppressive agents, antibiotics such as dapsone and immunomodulatory procedures like intravenous immunoglobulin are the main therapeutic agents used in treating these two disorders. Much of the morbidity and mortality associated with these disorders are related to the sites involved and to the drugs used for therapy. Treatment should be individualized based on severity, extent, and rate of progression of disease, comorbidities, and age of the patient. Serum levels of specific autoantibodies and indirect immunofluorescence titers, in certain cases, can be used to monitor response to therapy. 相似文献
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Koopman RJ Kochendorfer KM Moore JL Mehr DR Wakefield DS Yadamsuren B Coberly JS Kruse RL Wakefield BJ Belden JL 《Annals of family medicine》2011,9(5):398-405