Violence in the Schools: Clinical Issues and Case Analysis for High-Risk Children

School violence in rural communities has gained considerable attention nationally. Examined are theoretical considerations involving escape theory, the risk and protective factors for school violence, case analyses of recent case studies, and discussion of recent school violence involving fatal injuries to others. Also discussed are diagnostic issues in understanding children who are at-risk for school violence and ways school violence maybe managed in the schools. Suggestions and recommendations including recommendations provided by the National School Safety Center for school personnel are offered, as are steps to be taken in creating a safe school environment. This information may be helpful to child psychiatry and clinical personnel who provide services to school aged children.     

利尿酸是打开血-迷路屏障的钥匙

目的观察在不同的时机应用利尿酸以暂时破坏耳蜗血管纹上皮是否能够开放血-迷路屏障,从而促使庆大霉素进入耳蜗或者从耳蜗排出.方法听神经动作电位测试技术,全耳蜗毛细胞计数定量观察技术和荧光偏振免疫法测定庆大霉素浓度的技术被用于以下两个不同目的的实验观察.(1)当庆大霉素血中浓度高于内耳液浓度时,应用利尿酸破坏蜗管外壁以促使更多的庆大霉素进入耳蜗以制备不同程度耳蜗损害的动物模型.(2)当庆大霉素内耳浓度高于血中浓度时,应用利尿酸损坏蜗管外壁以促使蓄积在耳蜗内的庆大霉素从内耳排出以达到挽救毛细胞的目的.结果1.当庆大霉素血中浓度高于内耳液浓度时,注射利尿酸可造成更多的毛细胞损害和听功能障碍,外淋巴中药物的峰值浓度和半衰期浓度也均比单独一次注射庆大霉素动物外淋巴中药物浓度增加一倍,说明同时注射利尿酸可促使更多的庆大霉素从血液进入耳蜗并造成更严重的毛细胞损害.2.当血液中庆大霉素排空之后,注射利尿酸可减少毛细胞数量的损失程度,同时发现延迟注射利尿酸组动物的听力损失程度比不经利尿酸处理动物组有所减轻,外淋巴中药物浓度也比不经利尿酸处理动物组降低一半,说明当GM在耳蜗内蓄积但血清中已经排空时注射EA有助于降低药物在耳蜗内的蓄积并挽救尚未被破坏的毛细胞.结论利尿酸可以做为打开血-迷路屏障的钥匙,但是应用利尿酸开放血-迷路屏障可以产生双向结果,其关键在于注射利尿酸的时机.     

Reorganizing the system of care surrounding laparoscopic surgery: a cost-effectiveness analysis using discrete-event simulation.

PURPOSE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of a proposed reorganization of surgical and anesthesia care to balance patient volume and safety. METHODS: Discrete-event simulation methods were used to compare current surgical practice with a new modular system in which patient care is handed off between 2 anesthesiologists. A health care system's perspective, using hospital and professional costs, was chosen for the cost-effectiveness analysis. Outcomes were patient throughput, flow time, wait time, and resource use. Sensitivity analyses were performed on staffing levels, mortality rates, process times, and scheduled patient volume. RESULTS: The new strategy was more effective (average 4.41 patients/d [median = 5] v. 4.29 [median = 4]) and had similar costs (average cost/ patient/d = 5327 dollars v. 5289 dollars) to the current strategy with an incremental cost-effectiveness of 318 dollars/additional patient treated/d. Surgical mortality rate must be >4% or hand-off delay >15 min before the new strategy is no longer more effective. CONCLUSION: The proposed system is more cost-effective relative to current practice over a wide range of mortality rates, hand-off times, and scheduled patient volumes.     

Ross River virus and its vectors in Sorell Municipal Area, south-eastern Tasmania, January to March 2002.

In 2002, Tasmania reported the largest number of Ross River virus (RRV) infections ever recorded for the state. Of the 117 cases, 37 lived in, or had visited, the Sorell Municipal Area, east of Hobart. In early 2002, a combination of spring tides and high summer rainfall produced extensive salt marsh habitat in the Sorell region, resulting in unseasonably high densities of the mosquito Ochlerotatus camptorhynchus, recognised vector of RRV. Four isolates of RRV were identified from collections of adult mosquitoes. All four isolates were from Oc. camptorhynchus, collected near the Carlton River. This is the furthest south that RRV has been identified in Australia and the first identification from south-east Tasmania. The virus carriage rate in the mosquito vector populations were very high, with successive weekly minimum infection rates of 17.1, 3.0 and 11.1 per 1,000 Oc. camptorhynchus at Carlton River from mid-February to early March. The first isolation of RRV from mosquitoes coincided with the onset dates of the first human cases of RRV infection.     

Evaluation of the febrile child 3 to 36 months old in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: focus on occult bacteremia

The management of febrile infants 3 to 36 months old has been an ongoing topic of controversy, particularly with respect to occult bacteremia. Published strategies and algorithms have been developed to aid the clinician in the evaluation and management of these children. With the licensure and implementation of universal hepatovalent conjugate pneumococcal (PCV7) vaccination in infants, it is worthwhile to reexamine the data on which these recommendations were based. In this article, we will discuss the management of occult bacteremia in young febrile children in the era of PCV7 immunization and propose a management strategy for young febrile children.     

低分子肝素治疗急性缺血性卒中

背景 尽管人们怀疑抗血栓药物的有效性并关注它们的安全性，抗血栓药物还是经常被用于治疗缺血性卒中。近期用于治疗其他血栓栓塞性疾病的经验表明，每日只需皮下给药一次或两次的低分子肝素可能较标准肝素更有效也更安全。方法 我们采用了随机，双盲、安慰剂对照试验，比较了两种不同剂量的低分子肝素和安慰剂对缺血性卒中的疗效。发病48小时内的病人被随机分为三组，各自接受大剂量速碧林组(4100AXa1U，每日两次)，小剂量速碧林组(4100AXa1U，每日一次)。或安慰剂皮下注射10天。初级结果的评估方法是随机分组治疗后评价6个月内死亡或日常生活的依赖惰况。次级结果为发病10天内死亡、梗死后出血及其他并发症，和3个月内死亡或生活依赖情况。结果 本试验共对2750病人进行了筛选。对其中312例病人随机分组，6个月时306例病人有了结果并进行了分析。45例(45％)大剂量组病人、53例(52％)小剂量组病人，和68位(65％)安慰剂组病人死亡或成为依赖者。低分子肝素的有效性在3个研究组呈明显的剂量依赖性(P=0．005)。在10天时的次级结果没有发现组间特异性。结论 对出现症状48小时内的缺血性卒中病人，低分子量肝素在6个月时对改善神经功能缺损有效。(N.Engl J，Med．1995；333：1588—93)     

Speech perception for adults who use hearing aids in conjunction with cochlear implants in opposite ears.

This study aimed to (a) investigate the effect of using a hearing aid in conjunction with a cochlear implant in opposite ears on speech perception in quiet and in noise, (b) identify the speech information obtained from a hearing aid that is additive to the information obtained from a cochlear implant, and (c) explore the relationship between aided thresholds in the nonimplanted ear and speech perception benefit from wearing a hearing aid in conjunction with a cochlear implant in opposite ears.Fourteen adults who used the Nucleus 24 cochlear implant system in 1 ear participated in the study. All participants had either used a hearing aid in the nonimplanted ear for at least 75% of waking hours after cochlear implantation, and/or, hearing loss less than 90 dB HL in the low frequencies in the nonimplanted ear. Speech perception was evaluated in 3 conditions: cochlear implant alone (CI), hearing aid alone (HA), and cochlear implant in conjunction with hearing aid in opposite ears (CIHA). Three speech perception tests were used: consonant-vowel nucleus-consonant (CNC) words in quiet, City University of New York style (CUNY) sentences in coincident signal and noise, and spondees in coincidental and spatially separated signal and noise. Information transmission analyses were performed on the CNC responses.Of the 14 participants tested, 6 showed significant bimodal benefit on open-set speech perception measures and 5 showed benefit on close-set spondees. However, 2 participants showed poorer speech perception with CIHA than CI in at least 1 of the speech perception tests. Results of information transmission analyses showed that bimodal benefit (performance with CIHA minus that with CI) in quiet arises from improved perception of the low frequency components in speech. Results showed that participants with poorer aided thresholds in the mid-to-high frequencies demonstrated greater bimodal benefit. It is possible that the mid-to-high frequency information provided by the hearing aids may be conflicting with the cochlear implants.