Clozapine augmentation: safety and efficacy

While clozapine has been demonstrated to be efficacious in refractory schizophrenia and possibly schizoaffective as well as bipolar disorders, a substantial number of patients still remain unresponsive. One strategy in treating these refractory patients is to augment clozapine with other somatic treatments. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of the combination of clozapine with other somatic treatments. A total of 70 articles were obtained from a manual, as well as computerized (Medline), search of the English language literature from 1978 to March 1998. Few controlled studies exist; most were case reports/series. From these data, the greatest risk of adverse effects seems to be associated with clozapine combined with benzodiazepines, valproate, or lithium, but no currently evaluated combination is absolutely unsafe. In terms of efficacy, the data suggest a number of potential augmentation strategies, although controlled data are few. Combination therapies with clozapine are common in clinical practice, despite a lack of empirical data, and the benefits and risks of these combinations need to be systematically reviewed.     

Extreme thrombocytosis under the treatment by amoxicillin/clavulanate

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate related extreme thrombocytosis during the treatment of pneumonia has never been reported. We present a 54-year-old patient who was admitted due to pneumonia, and was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate IV and 3-day course of 500 mg azithromycin. Despite clinical and radiological evidence showing that pneumonia improved, thrombocytes increased rapidly. After stopping the antibiotic, the thrombocytes returned gradually to normal. Considering the clinical course, we propose that this extreme thrombocytosis was caused by the administration of amoxicillin/clavulanate. We describe this rare and unique patient and review the literature.     

Meningeal infiltration in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Permeative infiltration of the meninges appears to be a distinct form of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The present report of eight patients with recurrent NPC illustrates meningeal infiltration following basal foramina extension. Seven of the eight patients (88%) showed jugular foramen involvement. Three patients had concomitant infiltration of the foramen magnum. There was one patient showing spread through the foramen lacerum. Only four (50%) of these patients had clinically detectable tumour in the nasopharynx, while the other half showed deep submucosal recurrence with endoscopically unremarkable findings. Permeative meningeal infiltration appears to be a distinct form of NPC recurrence. It is important to recognize this phenomenon so as to optimize the treatment options.     

数字减影系统简介

本文简单介绍数字减影的历史、工作原理和国内外最新数字减影系统性能和特点。     

罗定市10岁以下儿童肺炎支原体感染的调查分析

目的:了解罗定市10岁以下儿童肺炎支原体(MP)感染情况。方法:对2001年7月～2004年6月在该院就诊的呼吸道感染患儿采用低效价颗粒凝集测抗体实验测定血清中MpIgM滴度。结果:1127例患儿中检出阳性病例235例,阳性检出率20.85%,其中0岁～组MP阳性率为7.37%,1岁～组为21.24%,6～10岁组为35.69%;冬春季(12～2月)为MP感染的高峰期。结论:MP是引起10岁以下儿童(特别是学龄儿童)感染的主要病原体之一,早期诊断十分重要。     

安尔碘(Ⅲ型)处理感染伤口临床研究

目的探讨感染伤口的处理方法.方法对2004年5～12月的31例感染伤口使用安尔碘(Ⅲ型)局部杀菌,根据湿性愈合理论,采用湿性愈合敷料藻酸盐进行局部调理.结果31例感染伤口均在1周内感染控制,伤口新鲜,渗出液明显减少,细菌培养为阴性.结论使用安尔碘(Ⅲ型)和保持伤口湿润处理感染伤口的方法明显优于传统的用3%过氧化氢冲洗、保持局部干燥处理方法.     

Sensory Gating of Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia

Sensory Gating of Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia     

Anti-galactose-alpha(1,3) galactose antibody production in alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene knockout mice after xeno and allo transplantation

Antibodies (Abs) that mediate the hyperacute rejection and acute vascular rejection/delayed xenograft rejection of pig organs in humans and Old World primates are predominantly directed at a single carbohydrate epitope, galactose-alpha1,3-galactose (alpha1,3Gal). The T-cell dependence of elicited anti-alpha1,3Gal Ab responses in humans and Old World primates is controversial. In this study we have characterized anti-alpha1,3Gal Ab production in mice with disrupted alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase genes (GT-Ko mice) and determined the T-cell dependence of anti-alpha1,3Gal Ab responses, following xenograft and allograft transplantation. GT-Ko mice produce natural anti-alpha1,3Gal IgM and IgG in an age-dependent manner, however, these Abs could not elicit hyperacute rejection nor affect the rate of cardiac xenograft (3-5 days) or allograft rejection (7-9 days). Transplantation of xenogeneic Lewis rats hearts elicited modest anti-alpha1,3Gal Ab, but vigorous xenoAb responses. The anti-alpha1,3Gal Ab response was restricted to the IgM and IgG3 subclass while the xenoAb response comprised IgM and all four IgG subclasses. Transplantation of allogeneic C3H hearts elicited weak anti-alpha1,3Gal Ab responses that were primarily IgM, but vigorous alloAb responses. Despite the restriction of elicited anti-alpha 1,3Gal Ab responses to the IgM and IgG3 isotypes, these responses are T-cell dependent. The ability of allografts to elicit weak anti-alpha1,3Gal but strong allo-Ab responses, can be explained by the dependence of alpha1,3Gal-specific B cells on cognate help from T cells.     

99mTe-DMSA用于诊断肾发育不良伴输尿管开口异位

目的 通过运用影像学手段诊断肾发育不良伴输尿管异位开口的经验，探讨这一疾病的最佳诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析14例肾发育不良伴输尿管开口异位的病史资料，比较各类影像学检查对异位肾诊断之优劣。结果 14例患儿异位开口位于阴道12例，膀胱颈2例。常用的影像学诊断方法包括：B超发现异位肾的阳性率为35．7％(5／14)、IVP18．2％(2／11)、CT0％(0／2)、MR100％(2／2)、而^99mTe—DMSA为100％(9／9)。结论 肾组织对放射性核素^99mTe-DMSA极为敏感，通过该检查能发现绝大部分发育不良的肾组织。对本病的诊断有重要意义。