Outcomes of Early Decompressive Craniectomy Versus Conventional Medical Management After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This meta-analysis examined whether early decompressive craniectomy (DC) can improve control of intracranial pressure (ICP) and mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched until May 14, 2015, using the following terms: traumatic brain injury, refractory intracranial hypertension, high intracranial pressure, craniectomy, standard care, and medical management. Randomized controlled trials in which patients with TBI received DC and non-DC medical treatments were included.Of the 84 articles identified, 8 studies were selected for review, with 3 randomized controlled trials s having a total of 256 patients (123 DCs, 133 non-DCs) included in the meta-analysis. Patients receiving DC had a significantly greater reduction of ICP and shorter hospital stay. They also seemed to have lower odds of death than patients receiving only medical management, but the P value did not reach significance (pooled odds ratio 0.531, 95% confidence interval 0.209–1.350, Z = 1.95, P = 0.183) with respect to the effect on overall mortality; a separate analysis of 3 retrospective studies yielded a similar result.Whereas DC might effectively reduce ICP and shorten hospital stay in patients with TBI, its effect in decreasing mortality has not reached statistical significance.     

学龄期儿童前房深度发育状况分析

目的了解7~14岁学龄期儿童前房深度发育情况。探索其与屈光度数间的关系。方法收集2012年6月至2014年6月眼科门诊7~14岁儿童为研究对象，共计521例（1042只眼）。采用IOLMaster人工晶状体生物测量仪测量各屈光参数，同时测量身高、体重。散瞳后验光测得静态屈光度。分析前房深度发育情况及不同屈光状态的学龄期儿童前房深度发育情况。结果（1）随着年龄的增长，7~14岁学龄期的儿童前房深度随之增长，差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。同一年龄段儿童的左右眼之间的均值相近，且生长发育趋势相近（均P＞0.05）。（2）随着年龄的增长，男女的前房深度均逐渐增大，同一年龄段男性前房深度大于女性前房深度（均P＜0.01）。（3）儿童前房深度与身高正相关（P＜0.01）。（4）前房深度随近视度数增高而增大，低度近视组与中度近视组及高度近视组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论学龄期儿童的前房深度的发育受到身高、性别及屈光度数的影响，与身高呈正相关，同一年龄段，男性前房深度大于女性。双眼前房深度发育同步。低中度近视的儿童前房深度增大。     

Role of macrophages in peripheral nerve injury and repair

Resident and inflammatory macrophages are essential effectors of the innate immune system. These cells provide innate immune defenses and regulate tissue and organ homeostasis. In addition to their roles in diseases such as cancer, obesity and osteoarthritis, they play vital roles in tissue repair and disease rehabilitation. Macrophages and other inflammatory cells are recruited to tissue injury sites where they promote changes in the microenvironment. Among the inflammatory cell types, only macrophages have both pro-inflammatory(M1) and anti-inflammatory(M2) actions, and M2 macrophages have four subtypes. The co-action of M1 and M2 subtypes can create a favorable microenvironment, releasing cytokines for damaged tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the activation of macrophages and their roles in severe peripheral nerve injury. We also describe the therapeutic potential of macrophages in nerve tissue engineering treatment and highlight approaches for enhancing M2 cell-mediated nerve repair and regeneration.     

封场生活垃圾填埋场好氧治理通风系统计算与应用

从质量守恒定律出发,以Buswell提出的垃圾好氧降解反应方程式为基础,建立了计算通风量的化学计量模型;以达西定律为基础,建立了计算通风压力的数学模型;并将其应用于某封场垃圾填埋场原位好氧治理工程的计算,验证了2个模型的合理性和准确性,可为生活垃圾填埋场好氧生物反应器工艺设计和设备选型提供理论数据参考。     

基于机器学习的脑胶质瘤多模态影像分析

脑部胶质瘤是临床中常见的一种原发性脑肿瘤，具有复发率高、死亡率高以及治愈率低的特点。常规临床诊断主要依靠计算机断层扫描(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)检查技术进行鉴别。随着成像技术和机器学习方法的不断发展，多模态影像智能分析技术已经逐步成为研究热点，在脑胶质瘤的病灶分割测量、肿瘤分级、预后生存周期预测和基因型辨别等方面具有重要的应用前景。本文重点介绍基于机器学习和多模态影像在脑胶质瘤临床辅助诊断和预后评估中的应用进展。     

Double-balloon enteroscopy for retrieving retained small-bowel video capsule endoscopes: a systematic review

Abstract

Background and aim: Capsule retention is the most common adverse event associated with video capsule endoscopy. The use of double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted capsule endoscope retrieval has been increasingly reported in recent years. However, evidence is limited regarding its success rate, associated factors, and subsequent clinical outcomes.

Methods: A systematic review of relevant studies published before January 2019 was performed. Successful retrieval rate and associated factors, rate of endoscopic balloon dilation, and outcomes after double-balloon enteroscopy were summarized and pooled.

Results: Within 154 associated original articles, 12 including 150 cases of capsule retrieval by double-balloon enteroscopy were included. The estimated pooled successful retrieval rate was 86.5% (95% confidence interval, 75.6–95.1%). Anterograde approach and capsules retained in the jejunum or trapped by malignant strictures were associated with a higher successful retrieval rate than the retrograde approach (62/83 [74.7%] vs. 10/38 [26.3%], p?<?.001) and capsules retained in the ileum (41/41 [100.0%] vs. 43/58 [74.1%], p?<?.001) or trapped by benign strictures (21/21 [100.0%] vs. 65/83 [78.3%], p?=?.043). Endoscopic balloon dilation was performed in 38.8% (95% confidence interval, 22.3–56.3%) of patients with benign strictures. Two perforations (1.3%) were reported as severe adverse events after double-balloon enteroscopy. A significantly lower surgery rate was found among cases with successful video capsule removal compared with unsuccessful cases (7.2% vs. 38.5%, p?=?.002).

Conclusions: Double-balloon enteroscopy is feasible and safe for removing retained video capsule endoscopes, and its use could decrease the need for surgery in patients with benign strictures and facilitate subsequent surgery in patients with malignant strictures.     

Comparison of parent and teacher reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms from two placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children.

BACKGROUND: The validity of parent reports regarding children's attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms has been questioned. This study assessed whether parent reports were as sensitive as teacher reports to document change in ADHD symptoms during clinical trials with atomoxetine. METHODS: Data were compared from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of atomoxetine using different versions (parent or teacher) of the same rating scale (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV [parent or teacher] Version: Investigator Administered and Scored - ADHD RS). Exclusion criteria included history of bipolar disorder, psychosis, seizures, alcohol abuse, or positive drug screen. Patients (6-16 years old) were treated with atomoxetine (titrated to a maximum dose of 1.8 mg/kg/day) administered once daily for up to 7 weeks. Parent and teacher ratings were compared using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model. RESULTS: The analysis (n = 318) showed that treatment effects (mean change, baseline to endpoint) were similar between parent and teacher ratings (total, p = .762; inattention, p = .519; hyperactive/impulsive, p = .955). Effect sizes also were similar based on total scores (parent ratings = .69; teacher ratings = .63). CONCLUSIONS: Parent reports are as sensitive as teacher reports in assessing the efficacy of long-acting pharmacologic treatment for ADHD in children during clinical trials using the nonstimulant atomoxetine.     

透析液钙离子浓度对肾功能衰竭血液透析患者血清钙离子水平及血压的影响

目的 观察不同钙离子浓度的透析液对血液透析患者透析后血清钙离子水平及血压变化的影响，为肾功能衰竭血液透析患者的高钙血症及高血压的防治提供依据。方法 选择不同钙离子浓度的透析液，将维持性血液透析患者分为高钙组（1．75mmol／L）和低钙组（1．25mmol／L），比较患者每次透析前后脉搏、血压，同时抽查患者透析前后血钙及血肌酐浓度的变化。结果透析后两组患者血肌酐浓度均显著下降，透析前后差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；高钙组患者透析后血钙较透析前升高，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而低钙组患者血钙比透析前略降低，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高钙组患者透析后较透析前收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压都升高，差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而低钙组患者透析后较透析前收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压都降低，差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。透析后两组血钙比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；透析后低钙组较高钙组患者的收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压都降低，三者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论透析液钙离子浓度与血液透析患者血清钙离子水平及血压呈正相关，低钙透析液透析有助于维持性血液透析患者高血压的控制。     

针灸治疗干燥综合征20例

目的：观察针灸治疗干燥综合征的临床疗效。方法：选穴：太溪、肾俞、合谷、廉泉，将穴位与电针仪连接。结果显示治疗后部分患者口干症状有明显改善。血中促黄体生成素（LH）和睾酮（T）指标降低。结论：电针疗法治疗干燥综合征疗效好、简便、安全、无毒副作用。