Usual interstitial pneumonia: histologic study of biopsy and explant specimens

The pathologic findings in biopsy and subsequent explant specimens from 20 patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) were reviewed to refine histologic criteria for diagnosis, to identify factors that may confound diagnosis, and to assess the relationship of UIP and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). One case of NSIP was also identified and included for comparison. Surgical biopsies from 15 of the 20 UIP cases were diagnosed as UIP, whereas 5 showed only nondiagnostic changes. An important new observation is that areas resembling nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP-like areas) are present in the majority of UIP cases in both biopsy and explant specimens, and they are extensive in some. Ten of the 15 UIP biopsies were considered straightforward, with typical patchy interstitial fibrosis, honeycomb change, and fibroblast foci. Five cases were considered difficult because of prominent NSIP-like areas in two, extensive honeycomb change in one, superimposed diffuse alveolar damage in one, and superimposed bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia in one. The most helpful feature for diagnosing UIP in difficult cases was the presence of a distinct patchwork appearance to the characteristic uneven or variegated parenchymal involvement along with evidence of architectural derangement. No explant showing UIP was preceded by biopsy findings of NSIP, and the one NSIP case appeared similar at biopsy and explant. NSIP or NSIP-like areas and UIP may reflect different mechanisms of fibrosis related either to different severity of injury or to different injuries.     

Our experience with tissue expansion on a series of 50 cases in Vietnam

The authors reviewed their experience with tissue expansion from July of 1995 to December of 1999 at Hanoi Plastic Surgery Center. A total of 75 tissue expanders of various sizes were placed in 50 consecutive patients (16 men and 34 women) for the reconstruction of secondary defects (burn scars, skin graft scars, hypertrophic scars, keloids, capillary hemangioma, congenital nevi and micotia). The average age of patients was 21 years. The tissue expansion protocol was used in clinical as well as common principle. The main technical details are modified in this procedure by the authors: type of intralesional incision for expander insertion, closing of wound incision by three layers, evacuation of the liquid in the prosthesis pocket, injection with antibiotic solution and expanded flap capsulectomy. The complications rate was 10.6% (8 complications in 75 expanders). The most common complications consisted of infection, hematoma, exposure of valve, dehiscence of incision, necrosis of the distal expanded flap. The overall failure rate was 8%. Thus our modified surgical details allowed us to decrease the major complications and to achieve the best possible functional and aesthetic results.     

Cardiac function during laparoscopic vs open gastric bypass

BACKGROUND: Hypercarbia and increased intraabdominal pressure during prolonged pneumoperitoneum can adversely affect cardiac function. This study compared the intraoperative hemodynamics of morbidly obese patients during laparoscopic and open gastric bypass (GBP). METHODS: Fifty-one patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 40-60 kg/m2 were randomly allocated to undergo laparoscopic (n = 25) or open (n = 26) GBP. Cardiac output (CO), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), central venous pressure (CVP), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at baseline, intraoperatively at 30-min intervals, and in the recovery room. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and stroke volume (SV) were also calculated. RESULTS: The two groups were similar in terms of age, weight, and BMI. Operative time was longer in the laparoscopic than in the open group (p < 0.05). The HR and MAP increased significantly from baseline intraoperatively, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. In the laparoscopic group, CO was unchanged after insufflation, but it increased by 5.3% at 2.5 h compared to baseline and by 43% compared to baseline in the recovery room. In contrast, during open GBP, CO increased significantly by 25% after surgical incision and remained elevated throughout the operation. CO was higher during open GBP than during laparoscopic GBP at 0.5 h and at 1 h after surgical incision (p < 0.05). During laparoscopic GBP, CVP, MPAP, and SVR increased transiently and PAWP remained unchanged. During open GBP, CVP, MPAP, and PAWP decreased transiently and SVR remained unchanged. There was no significant difference in the amount of intraoperative fluid administered during laparoscopic (5.5 +/- 1.6 L) and open (5.6 +/- 1.7 L) GBP. CONCLUSION: Prolonged pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic gastric bypass does not impair cardiac function and is well tolerated by morbidly obese patients.     

Correction of restricted extraocular muscle motility in surgical management of strabismus in graves' ophthalmopathy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the success rates for strabismus surgery designed to correct limitation of duction with surgery designed to correct deviation in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. DESIGN: Retrospective nonrandomized comparative trial. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-seven patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy who had undergone at least one extraocular muscle surgery were divided into two groups: those whose first surgery occurred before June 1997 (control group) and those whose first surgery occurred in June 1997 or thereafter (case group). INTERVENTIONS: Extraocular muscle surgery primarily directed at either correcting deviation (control group) or correcting limitation of ductions (case group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative deviations in the primary position were measured in prism diopters 30 to 180 days after surgery. A postoperative deviation of less than 5 diopters was considered a successful surgical outcome. RESULTS: Patients undergoing strabismus surgery specifically designed to correct limitation of duction achieved a 74% success rate compared with a 44% success rate in the control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the rate of reoperation in this group was only 27% compared with 44% in the control group (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with surgery aimed primarily at the correction of deviation, extraocular muscle surgery tailored to address restriction of ductions in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy is associated with improved surgical success of initial realignment and with a lower rate of reoperation     

Ophthalmic complications of slit-ventricle syndrome in children

OBJECTIVE: To present the ophthalmic features and visual prognosis of patients with slit-ventricle syndrome (SVS). DESIGN: Observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Six patients diagnosed and treated with SVS at the Montreal Children's Hospital between 1985 and 1999. METHODS: Patients were included in this study if they had an appropriate ophthalmologic follow-up and if they fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of SVS based on intracranial pressure monitoring and neuroimaging studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Features studied included patients' baseline ophthalmologic evaluation, visual outcome, and neurosurgical characteristics. RESULTS: The follow-up ranged from 1 to 14 years. The average number of shunting procedures was 3.7. Ocular examination performed on the initial visit revealed a normal visual acuity in four patients, esotropia in three of six patients, and nystagmus in two of six patients. Cycloplegic refraction was normal in all the subjects. Initial funduscopic evaluation revealed optic atrophy in a 4-month-old infant, whereas two children developed optic atrophy later in the course of the disease. One child developed severe visual field defects. The two children with optic atrophy had moderate to severe loss of visual acuity associated with SVS. CONCLUSIONS: A prompt recognition of patients with SVS is crucial, because these individuals are at an increased risk for significant visual loss.