mTOR与4EBP1在喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达及相关性研究

目的:研究哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白l(4EBP1)在喉鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达及相关性。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法检测mTOR、4EBP1在77例喉癌组织和18例癌旁组织中的表达,分析其表达与常见临床病理因素之间的关系。结果:mTOR、4EBP1在喉癌中的阳性表达率分别为54.5%、48.1%,均高于癌旁组织中的表达(P<0.05)。mTOR、4EBP1的阳性表达与淋巴结转移及组织病理学分级有显著相关性(P<0.05),而与临床分期无相关性(P>0.05)。mTOR和4EBP1在喉癌中的表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:①mTOR和4EBP1的高表达与喉癌的发病、侵袭、转移有关;②mTOR和4EBP1在喉癌组织中的阳性率呈正相关,联合检测对喉癌的治疗和预后判断具有重要临床意义。     

Reaching Latinas with Our Bodies,Ourselves and the Guía de Capacitación para Promotoras de Salud: Health Education for Social Change

As the cultural and linguistic diversity of the United States continues to grow and population shifts transform the communities where we live and work, health care providers continue to face challenges to deliver health services in demographically redefined terrains. This report describes the development of a Spanish‐language training guide for community health workers (Guía de Capacitación para Promotoras de Salud) based on the book Nuestros Cuerpos, Nuestras Vidas (NCNV), the Spanish‐language translation and cultural adaptation of the classic women's health book Our Bodies, Ourselves. The guide aims to 1) provide a tool for addressing the health education needs of immigrant Latinas and 2) facilitate the use of the book NCNV as a health education tool in Latino communities. Thirty telephone interviews with individuals working in agencies and organizations serving Latinos and 2 focus groups with Latinas were conducted to select the topics included in the training guide, all of which were drawn directly from NCNV. The guide contains 11 modules organized into 6 workshops. The modules address 11 topics related to women's health, ranging from sexuality and pregnancy to domestic violence and mental health. An ecological framework is used to deliver the health information. The materials acknowledge the roles of history, environment, culture, economic conditions, migration history, and politics as key determinants of health and illness. The workshops are designed to train community health workers on the women's health topics contained in the guide and to equip them for the delivery of health education among immigrant Latinas.     

Midwives and Liability: Results from the 2009 Nationwide Survey of Certified Nurse‐Midwives and Certified Midwives in the United States

Introduction: In partnership with the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM), the authors conducted a survey of ACNM members to examine the incidence of lawsuit involvement, the outcomes of the litigation in which they were involved, and coping mechanisms among midwives who had been involved in a lawsuit. Methods: In the spring of 2009, a nationwide Web‐based survey was completed by ACNM members. In addition to using chi‐square tests and nonparametric testing in data analysis, a logistic regression model was used to evaluate predictors of lawsuit involvement. Results: Among 1340 midwives responding to the survey, 32% had been named in a lawsuit at least once. The median number of years in practice when the event leading to lawsuit occurred was 6. The majority of midwifery lawsuits involved hospital births and were settled prior to going to court. Three variables were statistically significant for involvement with litigation: the midwife's age, the number of births attended, and the ACNM region of practice in the United States. Discussion: Lawsuits among midwives were significantly related to exposure to births over time. Practice patterns and job security were not greatly affected by the experience of a lawsuit. Future cyclic surveys are needed to track the frequency of litigation and the outcomes that lead to lawsuits and to better define the relationships between midwifery practice and medical malpractice litigation.     

A 3 year retrospective review of intrauterine insemination, using cryopreserved donor spermatozoa and cycle monitoring by urinary or serum luteinizing hormone measurements

Insemination with donor spermatozoa is an integral part of infertility treatment. For the last 3 years in our unit, intrauterine insemination with donor spermatozoa (IUID) has been used in preference to vaginal insemination. In this retrospective study, patients were offered an initial course of five single intrauterine inseminations with cryopreserved donor spermatozoa and treatment was then reviewed. A total of 389 patients received 1465 inseminations. In all, 1119 cycles were monitored using luteinizing hormone serum analyses and 346 cycles using the urine home test kits. The clinical pregnancy rate per insemination for the cycles monitored by the serum assay was 18.0% (202/1119) compared with the urine cycles (13.7%, 46/346) (P <05). The pregnancy loss rate was not significantly different (14.4%, 29/202 and 21.7%, 10/46) (serum and urine cycles respectively). The viable clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher (P <03) for the serum cycles than for the cycles using the urinary monitoring (15.5%, 173/1119 and 10.4%, 36/346 respectively). The cycles monitored by serum assay had a significantly higher cumulative viable clinical pregnancy rate (P <0001) of 70.2% after nine inseminations compared with the urine monitored cycles of 54.8%. The majority of patients opted for the serum cycles, with a minority self-selecting the urine cycles mainly for travelling convenience. The explanation for the significant differences between the viable clinical pregnancy rates per insemination and the cumulative viable clinical pregnancy rates may be due to the sensitivity of the urine home test kit or the patients' interpretation of the result.      

The effects of co-culture with human fibroblasts on human embryo development in vitro and implantation

In a human in-vitro fertilization (IVF) programme, the effect of co- culture of embryos with human fibroblasts was evaluated with respect to pregnancy rate and embryo development. Patients were included in the study after giving informed written consent. The IVF treatments were randomly assigned by stratification of both age (<36 versus > or =36 years) and previous IVF attempts (yes versus no). After fertilization was established, the zygotes were transferred to a 4-well dish with or without fibroblasts and cultured for 2 days. On the third day after ovum pick-up (OPU), cell number and quality [5 (good) to 1 (poor)] of the embryos were scored and a maximum of three embryos was transferred. Supernumerary embryos of good quality were cryopreserved. The design of this study was a group sequential trial with the objective of detecting differences between pregnancy rates following IVF with conventional incubation or incubation in co-culture with fibroblasts. This design included one evaluation at half-way data collection. In the study, 148 patients had an OPU, of whom 77 were allocated to the co-culture group. There was no statistically significant difference in pregnancy rate, cell number and embryo quality between the two groups. The ongoing pregnancy rate per embryo transfer was 27% in co-culture and 30% in the conventional culture group. The implantation rates per transferred embryo were 17 and 18% respectively. Using a multivariate logistic regression model for the probability of ongoing pregnancies, the odds ratio of co-culture, adjusted for age and previous IVF attempts, was not statistically significant. In conclusion, co-culture with human fibroblasts does not contribute to an improvement of embryo quality nor to a higher pregnancy rate after IVF in an unselected group of patients.      

窒息新生儿血糖、皮质醇、胰岛素水平变化及其临床意义

目的观察窒息新生儿血糖（BG）、皮质醇（Co）、胰岛素（InS）水平变化，以探讨其临床意思。方法用微量法和放免法检测40例正常新生儿和50例窒息新生儿血糖、皮质醇、胰岛素。结果窒息新生儿脐血BG、InS、Co明显升高，且与窒息严重程度呈正相关（r值分别为0．36、0．31、0．33）。出生3dBG和Co水平有所降低，而InS水平无降低趋势。重度窒息组与对照组相比，各项水平差异显著（P〈0．01），且窒息组3d时BG、Co水平与脐血相比有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论应激状态可造成BG、InS、Co升高，随窒息解除、病情缓解，胰岛素抵抗的恢复较血糖和皮质醇恢复慢。在窒息抢救时，尤其是重度窒息儿，应密切监测血糖与激素变化，且慎用糖皮质激素。