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991.
Transmission of HIV in the dental clinic and elsewhere 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
GM McCarthy CS Ssali H Bednarsh J Jorge K Wangrangsimakul K Page-Shafer 《Oral diseases》2002,8(S2):126-135
This review focuses on the risk of transmission of HIV in dental practice in developed and developing countries; and as a result of oral sex, perinatal transmission and breast feeding. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and practical measures to control cross-infection with TB are also discussed. There are few data from resource-poor countries where prevalence of HIV and risk of infection are higher – issues that deserve priority. Available information indicates that the risk of HIV transmission in the dental office is very low. Transmission of HIV from three healthcare workers to patients has been confirmed, including a dentist who infected six patients. There are >300 reports (102 confirmed) of occupational transmission to healthcare workers, including nine dental workers (unconfirmed). Exposure to HIV has been reported by 0.5% dentists/year. The risk of HIV infection after percutaneous exposure (0.3%) can be reduced by 81% with zidovudine PEP. However, risk assessment is required to assess the need and appropriate regimen. The risk of HIV transmission associated with orogenital sex exists, but is considered extremely low: barrier protection is recommended. Conversely, the proportion of babies who acquire HIV from untreated HIV-seropositive mothers is 15–25% in developed countries and 25–45% in developing countries. The frequency of HIV transmission attributable to breastfeeding is 16%. Airborne transmission of TB can be avoided by the prompt referral of known/suspected cases of active TB for chemotherapy, deferral of elective procedures until patients are not infectious, and the use of appropriate standard/isolation precautions including adequate ventilation of treatment areas. 相似文献
992.
Nancy Stephenson PhD RN CS Assistant Professor Jo Ann Dalton RN EdD FAAN Professor Chair John Carlson MS Statistician 《Applied Nursing Research》2003,16(4):284-286
Thirty-six oncology inpatients participated in this third pilot study investigating the effects of foot reflexology in which equianalgesic dosing was calculated. Foot reflexology was found to have a positive immediate effect for patients with metastatic cancer who report pain, although there was no statistically significant effect at 3 hours after intervention or at 24 hours after intervention. Further study is suggested for foot reflexology delivered by family in the homes for management of cancer pain. 相似文献
993.
Catherine Kedy Hancock MS RN CS Barbara Munjas PhD RN FAAN Katherine Berry MS RN CS Jacquelyn Jones MS RN CS 《International journal of nursing terminologies and classifications》1994,5(1):26-30
Concerns about the clinical usefulness of altered thought processes and sensory/perceptual alterations— and the resulting avoidance of these two diagnoses—led to a study to determine how expert nurses differentiate between the diagnoses and how the diagnoses are used in practice. The authors developed a questionnaire and mailed it to 128 members of NANDA who had identified themselves as experts in the diagnoses; sixty-six (52%) responded. Conclusions were that the defining characteristics for altered thought processes were cognitively oriented and those for sensory/perceptual alterations were perceptually oriented. The overlap of defining characteristics, such as change in problem-solving ability, makes differential diagnosis a difficult task. 相似文献
994.
995.
后勤生活服务对职业院校学生心理健康的影响 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
目的:评价职业院校学生的心理健康状况,分析后勤生活服务对其的影响。方法:①于2006-04采取整群分层随机抽样方法抽取湖南、广西两所医科职业院校1 ̄4年级(2002/2005)在校学生900名为测试对象,平均年龄(18±1)岁。②采用症状自评量表和自编后勤生活服务条目进行团体测评和比较分析。就餐方式包括4种:学生食堂大锅菜、学生食堂小炒、校外排档、自家吃饭或亲戚家搭餐;住宿去处包括4种:带公厕普通宿舍、带卫生间的公寓、校外租房、走读住家。后勤生活服务态度包括5种:很差、较差、一般、较好、很好。症状自评量表90个条目,采用从1 ̄5的5级计分。包括10个因子即躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性、其他,总分,阳性项目数(90个条目中≥2之条目数),分数越高表示心理状况越差。症状自评量表因子分≥2表示阳性分,≥3表示有明显的心理问题。③两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差检验。结果:发放问卷900份,其中湘环职院468份,南宁卫校432份,全部回收合格,有效率100%。①就餐方式间差异:校外排档就餐学生各因子分和总分及阳性项目数均比其他就餐方式高,食堂小炒学生和自家吃饭学生相对较低。不同就餐方式学生症状自评量表中人际关系、偏执2个因子和阳性项目数评分比较,差异明显(F=3.5,3.7,2.65,P≤0.05)。②住宿去处间差异:校外租房学生各因子分和总分均比其他住宿去处学生高,不同住宿去处学生症状自评量表中躯体化、焦虑和精神病性评分差异明显(F=3.32,2.77,2.91,P<0.05)。③后勤生活服务态度间差异:后勤生活服务态度从差到好,所有因子分和总分及阳性项目数基本上依次降低,除其他因子外的其余9个因子分比较,差异明显(F=2.60 ̄5.78,P<0.05 ̄0.01)。④后勤服务对职业院校学生心理健康状况的影响因素分析:后勤服务态度、住宿条件为对心理健康有影响的主要因素(t=-4.358,2.552,P<0.01,0.05)。⑤心理健康问题检出率:2所院校900名抽样学生中,有548人(60.9%)症状自评量表因子分≥2,存在各种轻度的不良心理反应;126人(14.0%)因子分≥3,存在比较明显的心理健康问题;196人(21.8%)总均分≥2,整体心理健康出现不良,强迫症状、抑郁和人际关系因子人数最多;16人(1.8%)总均分≥3,整体心理健康有着明显的不良倾向,人际关系、强迫症状和敌对因子为检出率的前3位。结论:①医科职业院校学生的心理健康状况总体较差,校外排档、校外租房、遭遇后勤生活服务态度很差的学生心理健康状况最差。②后勤生活服务特别是服务态度和住宿条件对学生心理健康的影响最大。 相似文献
996.
TOPIC. A critical analysis of the myth of the wicked stepmother, its origins and social purposes, as well as factors that influence the myth and contribute to its maintenance.
PURPOSE. To explore the myth of the wicked stepmother as represented in literature for professionals, parents, and children regarding the dynamics of relationships between children and stop-parents.
SOURCES. Published literature and clinical observations.
CONCLUSIONS. •A cyclical process can be identified by reviewing the influence of myth on relationships between stepchildren and stepmothers as well as the influence of stepfamily relationships on the maintenance of myth.
• Solutions for stepfamily relationships require broader possibilities than the dichotomous answers provided by myth.
• Answers to many of the questions raised concerning the complexities of stepfamily life require an increased focus on clinical research. 相似文献
PURPOSE. To explore the myth of the wicked stepmother as represented in literature for professionals, parents, and children regarding the dynamics of relationships between children and stop-parents.
SOURCES. Published literature and clinical observations.
CONCLUSIONS. •A cyclical process can be identified by reviewing the influence of myth on relationships between stepchildren and stepmothers as well as the influence of stepfamily relationships on the maintenance of myth.
• Solutions for stepfamily relationships require broader possibilities than the dichotomous answers provided by myth.
• Answers to many of the questions raised concerning the complexities of stepfamily life require an increased focus on clinical research. 相似文献
997.
The phenomenon of battered women's dependent‐care (Orem, 1991), that is, their efforts to prevent hazards to the life, health, and well‐being of their children, was examined. Open‐ended, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with mothers (N = 50) at battered women's shelters in a metropolitan area in the Midwest. The women demonstrated deliberate, creative, and diverse dependent‐care. Caring action and timing provided the basis for patterns of dependent‐care. Health care providers need to recognize these caring actions and consider their value from the perspective of battered women. 相似文献
998.
The purpose of this study was to describe the process of embarking on a weight control program, to understand more about the decision to seek treatment for obesity, a chronic health problem. Obese women were interviewed using field methods. The grounded theory approach was utilized to analyze the data. Loss and isolation were predominant themes and stages through which women progressed before entering treatment. The entering of treatment was viewed as a way of adapting to sex role norms, or what was expected of women by society. Body image concerns‐the loss of attractiveness—was an overriding theme. Physical health played a minor role in this decision to seek treatment for obesity. This investigation generated hypotheses for further study related to the importance of body image versus physical health as a motivator for weight control. 相似文献
999.
1000.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the best diagnostic tool (clinical, radiological, laboratory, or endoscopy) used to reach a final diagnosis of four most common presentations of acute abdomen to the surgical unit in the Limerick University Hospital, Limerick, Ireland.MethodsData was analyzed retrospectively of prospective collected data of all patients who had been admitted at a single academic institution from July 2011 till September 2011. Radiology, operating theatre and histopathology, haematology and endoscopy databases were searched from the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry (HIPE) department for patients who had presented with acute abdominal pain. Patients' charts were searched manually and final diagnosis of each patient was recorded.ResultsOut of 30 confirmed final diagnosis of appendicitis or appendicular mass, 9/30 (30.0%) were diagnosed with radiological (either on ultrasonography or CT scan). The remaining 21 cases (70.0%) were diagnosed clinically. Majority cases of diverticulitis 16/22 (72.7%) was diagnosed radiologically compared to only 6/22 (27.3%) of those confirmed by endoscopy. All diagnosis of gallstone-related diseases (cholecytitis, biliary colic, or cholelithiasis and/or choledocholithiasis) and bowel obstruction were confirmed by radiological investigation.ConclusionsAppendicitis can be accurately diagnosed clinically based on history and clinical examination alone. Diagnosis of diverticular disease, gallstone disease, and bowel obstruction further requires radiology intervention to confirm the provisional diagnosis. 相似文献