Genetic diversity of sapovirus infections in Danish children 2005–2007

BackgroundSapoviruses are known to cause gastroenteritis mainly in young children.ObjectivesTo establish a collection of sapoviruses and to gain knowledge about the genetic diversity and epidemiology of sapoviruses circulating in children in Denmark.Study designDuring a 24-month period in 2005–2007 samples from 1104 children, aged 0–3 years, submitted for acute gastroenteritis diagnostics, were analysed for sapoviruses by real-time PCR. Genotyping of positive findings was carried out by sequencing part of the capsid gene, and in several cases also part of the polymerase gene.ResultsSapoviruses were detected in stool samples from 97 children (9%), with the highest prevalence in the 7–18 months age group. Viruses from three genogroups and seven genotypes were found. Genotype I.1 was demonstrated in half of the positive samples and was observed throughout the study period. The less common types seemed to appear during shorter periods, often in succession of each other. Positive samples were detected throughout the study period. The only months, in both years studied, with high proportions of positive samples were September, November and February.ConclusionsSapoviruses were commonly found in children with gastroenteritis in Denmark. No clear seasonal pattern could be seen. Genotype I.1 was clearly the most common genotype found, but several other genotypes circulated during shorter periods.     

Patient perceptions of “awake” brain tumour surgery

Summary Background. Awake brain tumour surgery allows intraoperative patient assessment and is done to optimise safe tumour removal. It is an established technique but little is known about patient perceptions of the procedure.Method. Fifteen adult patients filled out a dedicated questionnaire to assess 10 aspects of patient perceptions of the procedure.Findings. All patients, who were awake for a median of 45 minutes (range 10–105), stated they were adequately prepared for the operation. Most recollected various aspects of the procedure, although 3 patients (20%) had little memory of actually being awake during the surgery despite being cooperative. A minority reported more than minor discomfort (20%), fear (15%) or anxiety (29%), and most felt they coped with the cortical stimulations and functional testing well. Sources of discomfort and pain were the cranial pin holding device, operative position, inadequate infiltration of the cranial wound with local anesthetic, a full bladder causing a desire to micturate and a hard and uncomfortable operating table.Conclusions. These results, are very similar to a previous American report using a different anesthetic technique, in that most patients tolerate awake craniotomy remarkably well if the procedure is explained to them and some simple precautions are taken. Additionally between 8%–37% of patients (95% Confidence Interval, summing data from the two studies, n=35) will have no recollection of being awake. Ways of minimising discomfort and problems of anxierty in this patient cohort are discussed.     

Beta-adrenergic activities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on guinea-pig atria and trachea

The activities of the (-)- and (+)-forms of m- and p-octopamine and m- and p-synephrine on beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig atria and trachea have been compared with that of noradrenaline. The rank order of potency of the (-)-forms on beta 1-adrenoceptors was noradrenaline greater than m-synephrine greater than m-octopamine = p-octopamine greater than p-synephrine. m-Synephrine was 100-fold, m- and p-octopamine about 6000-fold, and p-synephrine about 40,000-fold less active than noradrenaline. The (+)-forms were 1-2 orders of magnitude less active than their (-)-counterparts. The four (-)-compounds were more than four orders of magnitude less active than noradrenaline on beta 2-adrenoceptors, and the (+)-forms had no detectable activity in concentrations as high as 10(-4) M. If m- and p-octopamine are co-released with noradrenaline in amounts proportional to their concentration, their activities at these structures are too low to be physiologically significant.     

Comprehension instruction: a cautionary tale

Powerful new ideas about the teaching of reading are sweeping through the ranks of professional reading specialists, elementary reading teachers and teacher educators. Are classroom teachers prepared to assume new roles crucial to the implementation of these ideas? For the past three years, the Eastern Washington University Department of Education has conducted research which casts cautious doubt, not on teachers' capabilities, but on teachers' preparation in the vita! area of reading comprehension: instruction. The results of this research indicate that few practicing teachers can discriminate comprehension: instruction from other activities related to the teaching of reading comprehension. This article details research methods, findings and implications.     

Knee injuries: high-resolution MR imaging

Recent technologic advances have made high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the knee a clinical reality. Ten healthy volunteers and 30 patients with suspected knee injuries were imaged using receive-only surface coils and two-dimensional multisection or three-dimensional selective acquisition techniques. Arthroscopic and/or surgical correlation was available in 15 patients. Tears of the cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus are illustrated. Nonorthogonal views of the anterior cruciate ligament are useful for demonstrating both femoral and tibial attachments in the same section. The posterior cruciate ligament is usually well seen on sagittal views. T2-weighted images are helpful for demonstrating collateral ligament tears and meniscal tears when joint effusion is present. Thin sections (1-5 mm) are necessary to define many meniscal and cruciate tears. High-resolution, thin-section MR imaging can be used to diagnose soft-tissue injuries of the knee and has the potential to become a major imaging method in the evaluation of knee injuries.     

Intramural ventricular fibroma in infancy: survival after partial excision in 2 patients

Two infants with ventricular fibromas survived partial resection and have had satisfactory clinical results for more than 4 years. Partial excision is warranted when an unresectable tumor produces hemodynamic compromise. Long-term survival can be expected without complete resection.