Pituitary volume in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To our knowledge, however, no prior study has measured pituitary gland volume in OCD. METHODS: Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies were conducted in 31 psychotropic drug-na?ve children (10 boys, 21 girls) aged 8-17 years and 31 case-matched healthy comparison subjects. RESULTS: Pituitary volume was significantly smaller in patients with OCD as compared with healthy control subjects (11% smaller). Smaller pituitary volume in patients with OCD was associated with increased compulsive but not obsessive symptom severity. Boys with OCD had smaller pituitary gland volumes compared with control boys (20% smaller). No significant differences in pituitary volume were observed between girls with OCD and control girls. Boys with OCD had significantly smaller pituitary volumes than girls with OCD (31% smaller), whereas control boys also had smaller pituitary gland volumes compared with control girls (21% smaller). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new evidence of reduced pituitary volume in pediatric OCD that seems to be more prominent in male patients. The observed alterations in pituitary volume are consistent with neuroendocrine studies that have reported abnormalities in the LHPA axis in OCD.     

A novel G protein-coupled receptor kinase gene cloned from 4p16.3.

Within the Huntington's disease (HD) candidate region of 4p16.3, the D4S127 locus displays strong linkage disequilibrium with the defect and anchors a conserved haplotype found on many HD chromosomes. To isolate genes from this region we have applied the exon amplification technique to overlapping cosmids spanning D4S127. Here, we report the discovery of a new gene encoding a novel member of a family of protein kinases that specifically phosphorylate the activated forms of G protein-coupled receptors. Such kinases are thought to participate in desensitization of specific receptors, thereby blocking further signal transduction. This gene must now be carefully scrutinized to determine whether it might be involved in HD.     

Tongue oximetry in children with extensive thermal injury: comparison with peripheral oximetry

We undertook a prospective study of standard peripheral pulse oximetry versus a modified pulse oximeter probe applied to the tongue in order to determine the efficacy of this alternative monitoring site in children with thermal injuries. Ten patients with a mean age (± SD) of 7.5 ± 4.5 yr were studied on 15 occasions. The mean weight +- SD) was 31.4+- 13.7 kg and percent surface area burn (± SD) was 56+- 21%. A total of 1,992 min of anaesthesia time was monitored. Both sites functioned simultaneously 47% of the time; the lingual but not the peripheral site functioned 28% of the time and only the peripheral site and not the lingual functioned 22% of the time. Neither site functioned 3% of the time. The tongue oximeter provided 563 min more monitoring time than the peripheral sites. The tongue oximeter also functioned in children with peripheral vasoconstriction when the peripheral sensor failed and was less susceptible to electrocautery interference. The tongue oximeter is a reasonable adjunct but not a substitute for peripheral oximetry since its application is limited to paralyzed, intubated patients.     

Monocular contribution to the peak time of the binocular pattern visual evoked potential

The contribution of each monocular pathway to the timing of the binocular pattern visual evoked potential was assessed in situations where a significant interocular timing discrepancy was observed. Monocular and binocular pattern visual evoked potentials to 0.5° checks were recorded from normal subjects, normal subjects in whom one eye was blurred, patients with monocular amblyopia, and patients with resolved unilateral optic neuritis. Normal subjects showed facilitation, while suppression was evidenced in subjects with monocular blurring. In patients with amblyopia, the affected pathway had no effect on binocular pattern visual evoked potential latency, suggesting that the amblyopic eye was suppressed. In contrast, all patients with optic neuritis showed binocular averaging. Our results show that different forms of binocular interaction are evidenced in normal subjects, in amblyopia and in optic neuritis, and suggest that a comparative analysis of monocular and binocular pattern visual evoked potential peak times brings valuable information to the clinical evaluation that could be used to distinguish disease processes further.Abbreviation BPVEP binocular pattern visual evoked potential     

Diagnosis of the acute ischaemic heart by ion elution from myocardium.

The post-mortem diagnosis of acute myocardial ischaemia may be difficult to establish in the absence of morphological changes in the myocardium or recent coronary thrombosis. Ischaemic cell injury leads to potassium (K) efflux and sodium (Na) influx and, if the blood is still circulating, the K:Na ratio of the tissue falls. In this study, the K:Na ratio was measured by eluting the ions from samples of myocardium and assaying the eluate. The method yields similar results to those obtained by a previous method, in which myocardial samples were homogenized. The K:Na ratios on samples of horizontal slices through the heart were plotted on maps of the slices. A low K:Na ratio corresponded to, but extended beyond, areas where there was morphological evidence of ischaemia. The method is simple and may be of use in routine practice.     

Regulation of histamine H1 receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis by histamine and phorbol esters in DDT1 MF-2 cells

The regulation of histamine-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover by histamine and phorbol esters was examined in intact DDT1 MF-2 cells grown in suspension culture. Histamine increased the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylinositol (PI) in these cells, and this stimulation was inhibited by the H1 antagonist diphenhydramine but not by the H2 antagonist cimetidine. Pretreatment of cells with histamine or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or other activators of protein kinase C induced a marked decrease in the subsequent stimulation by histamine. PMA, but not histamine, also decreased the ability of epinephrine to stimulate PI labelling through alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Thus, histamine appears to induce homologous desensitization of histamine H1 receptor-mediated PI turnover, whereas direct activation of protein kinase C in the absence of receptor occupancy by agonist induces nonspecific heterologous desensitization of both histamine H1- and alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated responses.     

Removal of bone cement from the femoral shaft using a femoral windowing device

The authors previously described a method of windowing the femur that allowed good exposure for femoral cement removal and provided for reconstruction of the defect. Since that report, they have developed instrumentation to facilitate windowing of the femoral shaft. They describe its use in this report.     

Bradykinin-induced plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways: involvement of platelet activating factor.

1. We studied the effect of bradykinin on plasma exudation in the airways of the anaesthetized guinea-pig in vivo. Tissue content of extravasated Evans blue dye was used as an index of protein exudation in the larynx, trachea, main bronchi and intrapulmonary airways (i.p.a.). 2. Bradykinin increased the content of Evans blue in all tissues studied in a dose-related manner. The response was greatest in the main bronchi and i.p.a., less in the trachea and least in the larynx. A dose of 47 nmol kg-1 was the lowest tested which caused significant (P less than 0.001) plasma exudation with increases in leakage above control values of 256% in the larynx, 405% in the trachea, 394% in the main bronchi and 485% in intrapulmonary airways. 3. Leakage was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased above control values by 1 min after bradykinin (47 nmol kg-1) in the main bronchi and intrapulmonary airways and was maximal in all airways 5 min after bradykinin. Although reduced by 15 min, the tissue content of dye was still significantly (P less than 0.05) increased 2 h after bradykinin. 4. The prolonged tissue dye retention was due to a later phase of slow and maintained exudation preventing full clearance of dye after the initial response. 5. The initial phase of leakage was partially attenuated by the platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists WEB 2086 or BN 52021, by indomethacin or by inhibiting sensory nerve activation by opioid anaesthesia: it was not affected by mepyramine and cimetidine nor by the sulphidopeptide leukotriene receptor antagonists FPL 55712 or ICI 198,615.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)