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31.
A number of studies have demonstrated that adolescent rodents are more sensitive to the rewarding effects of nicotine compared to adults. To help determine the potential brain circuitry involved, we investigated the effect of acute nicotine administration (0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg, s.c.) on the expression of c-fos mRNA in the brains of adolescent (P35) and adult (P67-70) male Wistar rats using in situ hybridization. Nicotine administration increased c-fos mRNA expression in several brain regions, including the central amygdala, locus coeruleus, nucleus accumbens core, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and lateral septum of adolescent and adult rats. Nicotine increased c-fos mRNA expression more robustly in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens shell and ventral tegmental area in adolescent rats. The current results suggest that nicotine may have greater activational effects in brain regions associated with reward in adolescent rats and may help to explain the differences between adolescents and adults in behavioral responses to nicotine. 相似文献
32.
Gita Ramjee Robin Shattock Sinead Delany Ian McGowan Neetha Morar Megan Gottemoeller 《AIDS research and therapy》2006,3(1):25-10
Current HIV/AIDS statistics show that women account for almost 60% of HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. HIV prevention
tools such as male and female condoms, abstinence and monogamy are not always feasible options for women due to various socio-economic
and cultural factors. Microbicides are products designed to be inserted in the vagina or rectum prior to sex to prevent HIV
acquisition. 相似文献
33.
34.
Johanna L. Schmidt MPH MGC CGC Amy Pizzino MS CGC Jessica Nicholl MS CGC Allison Foley MMSc CGC Yue Wang PhD FACMG Jill A. Rosenfeld MS CGC Lindsey Mighion MS CGC Lora Bean PhD Cristina da Silva MS Megan T. Cho MS CGC Rebecca Truty PhD John Garcia PhD Virginia Speare PhD Kirsten Blanco BS Zoe Powis MS CGC Grace M. Hobson PhD Susan Kirwin BS Bryan Krock PhD FACMG Hane Lee PhD Joshua L. Deignan PhD Maggie A. Westemeyer MS CGC Ryan L. Subaran PhD Isabelle Thiffault PhD FABMGG Ellen A. Tsai PhD Terry Fang PhD Guy Helman BS Adeline Vanderver MD 《American journal of medical genetics. Part A》2020,182(8):1906-1912
Leukodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders characterized by abnormal brain white matter signal on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and primary involvement of the cellular components of myelin. Previous estimates suggest the incidence of leukodystrophies as a whole to be 1 in 7,000 individuals, however the frequency of specific diagnoses relative to others has not been described. Next generation sequencing approaches offer the opportunity to redefine our understanding of the relative frequency of different leukodystrophies. We assessed the relative frequency of all 30 leukodystrophies (associated with 55 genes) in more than 49,000 exomes. We identified a relatively high frequency of disorders previously thought of as very rare, including Aicardi Goutières Syndrome, TUBB4A‐related leukodystrophy, Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, POLR3‐related Leukodystrophy, Vanishing White Matter, and Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher Disease. Despite the relative frequency of these conditions, carrier‐screening laboratories regularly test only 20 of the 55 leukodystrophy‐related genes, and do not test at all, or test only one or a few, genes for some of the higher frequency disorders. Relative frequency of leukodystrophies previously considered very rare suggests these disorders may benefit from expanded carrier screening. 相似文献
35.
36.
Christine R. Critchley Jennifer Fleming Dianne Nicol Paula Marlton Megan Ellis Lisa Devereux Gordana Bruce Ian Kerridge 《European journal of human genetics : EJHG》2021,29(3):503
Various forms of private investment are considered necessary for the sustainability of biobanks, yet pose significant challenges to public trust. To manage this tension, it is vital to identify the concerns of relevant stakeholders to ensure effective and acceptable policy and practice. This research examines the aspects of commercialisation that are of most concern to the Australian public (n = 800) and patients who had donated their tissue to two large disease specific (cancer) public biobanks (n = 564). Overall, we found a commercialisation effect (higher support for public relative to private) in relation to funding, research location and access to stored biospecimens. The effect was strongest for research locations and access compared to funding. A latent class analysis revealed the pattern of concern differed, with the majority (34.1%) opposing all aspects of commercialisation, a minority supporting all (15.7%), one quarter (26.8%) opposing some (sharing and selling tissue) but not others (research locations and funding), and a group who were unsure about most aspects but opposed selling tissue (23.5%). Patient donors were found to be more accepting of and unsure about most aspects of commercialisation. Members of the (general) public who were motivated to participate in biobanking were more likely to oppose some aspects while supporting others, while those who indicated they would not donate to a biobank were more likely to oppose all aspects of commercialisation. The results suggest that approaches to policy, engagement and awareness raising need to be tailored for different publics and patient groups to increase participation.Subject terms: Genetics research, Ethics 相似文献
37.
Arnaud Bourdin Alberto A. Papi Jonathan Corren J. Christian Virchow Megan S. Rice Yamo Deniz Michel Djandji Paul Rowe Ian D. Pavord 《Allergy》2021,76(1):269-280
Background
Dupilumab blocks the shared receptor component for interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13, key drivers of type 2 inflammation. In phase 2b (NCT01854047) and phase 3 LIBERTY ASTHMA QUEST (NCT02414854), add-on dupilumab 200/300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) reduced severe exacerbations, improved prebronchodilator (pre-BD) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and quality of life measures, and it was generally well tolerated in patients with uncontrolled, persistent (phase 2b), or moderate-to-severe (phase 3) asthma.Methods
In patients on high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with type 2-high asthma (subgroups including baseline blood eosinophils ≥150/300 cells/µL and/or fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO] ≥25 ppb), annualized severe exacerbation rates over the treatment period, changes from baseline in pre-BD FEV1 and asthma control (5-item asthma control questionnaire [ACQ-5]) were analyzed.Results
In high-dose ICS type 2-high subgroups, dupilumab 200/300 mg q2w vs placebo in the phase 2b (24 weeks) and phase 3 (52 weeks) studies significantly reduced severe exacerbations by 55%-69%/57%-60% (all P<.05) and 53%-69%/48%-66% (all P < .001), respectively, except in patients with ≥ 300 eosinophils/µL in phase 2b study (24%/50% (P = .52/0.15). Across subgroups, pre-BD FEV1 improved by 0.18-0.22 L/0.19-0.24 L (all P < .05) and 0.23-0.36 L/0.15-0.25 L (all P < .01) and ACQ-5 scores were reduced by 0.46-0.55/0.47-0.85 (all P < .05) and 0.38-0.50/0.24-0.30 (all P < .05), respectively, except dupilumab 200 mg q2w in phase 2b in patients with FeNO ≥ 25 ppb (0.41; P = .09). Dupilumab was also effective in patients taking medium-dose ICS.Conclusion
Dupilumab significantly reduced severe exacerbations and improved lung function and asthma control in patients with type 2-high asthma on high-dose ICS at baseline.38.
Villamor E Saathoff E Msamanga G O'Brien ME Manji K Fawzi WW 《Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)》2005,38(5):622-626
OBJECTIVES: To examine whether wasting during pregnancy, as measured by weight loss and low weight gain, is associated with increased mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. METHODS: This was a cohort study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, among 957 HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Weight was measured at the first prenatal visit and every month thereafter until delivery. Weight loss was defined as a weekly rate of weight gain =0 and low weight gain as a weekly rate >0 and =166 g/wk. The incidences of presumptive intrauterine transmission (HIV status at birth) and presumptive intrapartum and early breast-feeding transmission (HIV status at 6 weeks) were examined in relation to baseline anthropometric characteristics and weight change during pregnancy using 2xn tables and multivariable binomial regression. RESULTS: Compared with women who gained >/=167 g/wk, weight loss during pregnancy was related to higher risk of intrauterine MTCT (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.23-4.36, P = 0.009), HIV positive at birth or fetal death (RR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.40-3.24, P = 0.0004), and HIV positive at birth or early neonatal death (RR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.26-3.07, P = 0.003). The rate of weight gain during the 3rd trimester was inversely related to the risk of intrapartum/early breast-feeding transmission (adjusted P value, test for trend = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss during pregnancy increases the risk of early MTCT. Identifying causes of wasting during pregnancy may provide clues for new strategies to prevent MTCT. 相似文献
39.
Describing the Use of a Mindfulness-Based App for Sleep and Mental Well-Being,Across Age,in Children
Child & Youth Care Forum - In the United States, 68% of children do not get the recommended nine hours of sleep, which can lead to many negative health outcomes (e.g., mental health).... 相似文献
40.
Chen Du Megan Chong Hueh Zan Min Jung Cho Jenifer I. Fenton Pao Ying Hsiao Richard Hsiao Laura Keaver Chang-Chi Lai HeeSoon Lee Mary-Jon Ludy Wan Shen Winnie Chee Siew Swee Jyothi Thrivikraman Kuo-Wei Tseng Wei-Chin Tseng Stephen Doak Sara Yi Ling Folk Robin M. Tucker 《Nutrients》2021,13(2)
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the already high levels of stress that higher education students experience. Stress influences health behaviors, including those related to dietary behaviors, alcohol, and sleep; yet the effects of stress can be mitigated by resilience. To date, past research studying the connections between dietary behaviors, alcohol misuse, sleep, and resilience commonly investigated singular relationships between two of the constructs. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationships between these constructs in a more holistic manner using mediation and moderation analyses. Methods: Higher education students from China, Ireland, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, the Netherlands, and the United States were enrolled in a cross-sectional study from April to May 2020, which was during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic for most participants. An online survey, using validated tools, was distributed to assess perceived stress, dietary behaviors, alcohol misuse, sleep quality and duration, and resilience. Results: 2254 students completed the study. Results indicated that sleep quality mediated the relationship between perceived stress and dietary behaviors as well as the relationship between perceived stress and alcohol misuse. Further, increased resilience reduced the strength of the relationship between perceived stress and dietary behaviors but not alcohol misuse. Conclusion: Based on these results, higher education students are likely to benefit from sleep education and resilience training, especially during stressful events. 相似文献