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21.
A Decision Rule for Predicting Bacterial Meningitis in Children with Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis When Gram Stain Is Negative or Unavailable 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bema K. Bonsu MBChB Henry W. Ortega MD Mario J. Marcon PhD Marvin B. Harper MD 《Academic emergency medicine》2008,15(5):437-444
Objectives: Among children with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, the task of separating aseptic from bacterial meningitis is hampered when the CSF Gram stain result is unavailable, delayed, or negative. In this study, the authors derive and validate a clinical decision rule for use in this setting.
Methods: This was a review of peripheral blood and CSF test results from 78 children (<19 years) presenting to Children's Hospital Columbus from 1998 to 2002. For those with a CSF leukocyte count of >7/μL, a rule was created for separating bacterial from viral meningitis that was based on routine laboratory tests, but excluded Gram stain. The rule was validated in 158 subjects seen at the same site (Columbus, 2002–2004) and in 871 subjects selected from a separate site (Boston, 1993–1999).
Results: One point each (maximum, 6 points) was assigned for leukocytes >597/μL, neutrophils >74%, glucose <38 mg/dL, and protein >97 mg/dL in CSF and for leukocytes >17,000/mL and bands to neutrophils >11% in peripheral blood. Areas under receiver-operator-characteristic curves (AROCs) for the resultant score were 0.98 for the derivation set and 0.90 and 0.97, respectively, for validation sets from Columbus and Boston. Sensitivity and specificity pairs for the Boston data set were 100 and 44%, respectively, at a score of 0 and 97 and 81% at a score of 1. Likelihood ratios (LRs) increased from 0 at a score of 0 to 40 at a score of ≥4.
Conclusions: Among children with CSF pleocytosis, a prediction score based on common tests of CSF and peripheral blood and intended for children with unavailable, negative, or delayed CSF Gram stain results has value for diagnosing bacterial meningitis. 相似文献
Methods: This was a review of peripheral blood and CSF test results from 78 children (<19 years) presenting to Children's Hospital Columbus from 1998 to 2002. For those with a CSF leukocyte count of >7/μL, a rule was created for separating bacterial from viral meningitis that was based on routine laboratory tests, but excluded Gram stain. The rule was validated in 158 subjects seen at the same site (Columbus, 2002–2004) and in 871 subjects selected from a separate site (Boston, 1993–1999).
Results: One point each (maximum, 6 points) was assigned for leukocytes >597/μL, neutrophils >74%, glucose <38 mg/dL, and protein >97 mg/dL in CSF and for leukocytes >17,000/mL and bands to neutrophils >11% in peripheral blood. Areas under receiver-operator-characteristic curves (AROCs) for the resultant score were 0.98 for the derivation set and 0.90 and 0.97, respectively, for validation sets from Columbus and Boston. Sensitivity and specificity pairs for the Boston data set were 100 and 44%, respectively, at a score of 0 and 97 and 81% at a score of 1. Likelihood ratios (LRs) increased from 0 at a score of 0 to 40 at a score of ≥4.
Conclusions: Among children with CSF pleocytosis, a prediction score based on common tests of CSF and peripheral blood and intended for children with unavailable, negative, or delayed CSF Gram stain results has value for diagnosing bacterial meningitis. 相似文献
22.
Betlach Charles J. Arnold John D. Frost R. Wayne Leese Philip T. Gonzalez Mario A. 《Pharmaceutical research》1987,4(5):409-411
The bioavailability of a new sustained-release potassium chloride (KC1) tablet, designed for once-a-day dosing, was compared to a KC1 elixir using urinary excretion data. The study utilized 25 male volunteers dosed in a crossover design in a dietary/activity-controlled environment. The regimens consisted of a total of 80 mEq of potassium in three equally divided doses of elixir every 6 hr and a single 80-mEq dose using four 20-mEq sustained-release (SR) tablets. The mean time to maximum rate of potassium urinary excretion was 2.2 hr for the first elixir dose and 5.5 hr after the SR tablet (P < 0.01), thereby supporting the prolonged-release properties of this formulation. After correction for baseline urinary potassium excretion, the mean total 24-hr urinary potassium excretion was 42.18 mEq for the elixir and 40.41 mEq for the SR tablet. The results indicate that the absorption pattern from the SR tablet is equal to three doses of KC1 elixir dosed 6 hr apart. 相似文献
23.
Mario von Depka Murtada Hassan Jan Blatn? Petr Smejkal Vladimir Vdovin 《Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis》2006,17(4):311-316
Spontaneous and surgery-associated bleeding in patients with von Willebrand disease (vWD) cannot always be controlled with desmopressin or replacement therapy. This paper presents results on the use of recombinant-activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in patients with vWD included in the internet registry Haemostasis.com. Twenty-eight reports on the use of rFVIIa in vWD were identified from the database and included in this analysis. The bleeding episodes were classified as mild (n = 7), moderate (n = 16), or severe (n = 2), and were unspecified in three cases. The median dose of rFVIIa administered was 94 microg/kg body weight (40-127.3 microg/kg). Bleeding stopped in 23 of 27 evaluable patients (85%) and markedly decreased in three patients; the total response rate was 96% (26/27 patients). Response did not correlate with the type of vWD, the site or severity of the initial bleed, or the rFVIIa dose. Other replacement therapies were infrequently used, and their use was similar in the 24 h before and after rFVIIa administration. Eighteen patients also received antifibrinolytic treatment, but its impact on response was not recorded. Only one adverse event (mild fever) was observed. These cases suggest a role for rFVIIa as a safe and effective therapy for vWD. 相似文献
24.
Reducing medical errors has become an international concern. Population-based studies from a number of nations around the world have consistently demonstrated unacceptably high rates of medical injury and preventable deaths. The introduction of effective reporting systems is a cornerstone of safe practice within hospitals and other healthcare organisations. Reporting can help to identify hazards and risks. However, reporting in itself does not improve safety. It is the response to reports that leads to change. Clinical teams must feel empowered to change the way in which they deliver their services, promoting effective clinical risk management. Process analysis, implementation of evidence-based practices, and a clear accountability system are effective tools not only for decreasing error rates, but also for improving effectiveness. Clinical Governance represents the context in which effective clinical risk management should be promoted and continuously improved. It should not be regarded as a separate activity, but should form part of the everyday practice of all healthcare professionals. It requires good multidisciplinary working and a willingness to reflect on and learn from errors to achieve a patient-centred and safer system. 相似文献
25.
Leandro Provinciali Mario Signorino Bruno Censori Gabriella Ceravolo Maria Del Pesce 《Epilepsia》1991,32(5):684-689
The occurrence of transitory cognitive impairment during diffuse subclinical electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges has been widely documented but the role of the parameters influencing the cognitive performance and the involvement of motor or verbal response in the tasks used is still under debate. Fifteen patients suffering from primary generalized epilepsy with frequent bisynchronous EEG epileptic bursts underwent a shape recognition task during EEG monitoring. The test sequence was as follows: memorandum, pause, and multiple choice set. After pressing the response button, the patient was asked to confirm the choice verbally. The following parameters were considered: geometrical complexity of the shape, chronological position of the burst occurring during the single test, and the duration of discharge ranging from 1 to 3 s. Results showed a significant increase in incorrect responses during the test when discharges occurred, with more errors occurring for difficult than for easy shapes. Neither the discharge position nor the duration of the epileptic burst influenced the performance. Diffuse epileptic activity of short duration produced selective effects on the cognitive process regardless of the motor component of the response. 相似文献
26.
Nakamura Hajime; De Rosa Stephen; Roederer Mario; Anderson Michael T.; Dubs J. Gregson; Yodoi Junji; Holmgren Arne; Herzenberg Leonard A.; Herzenberg Leonore A. 《International immunology》1996,8(4):603-611
Thioredoxin (Trx), a ubiquitous protein intimately involvedin redox and protein disulfide reductions, has been shown tobe released from cells and to have cytokine-like activities.In addition, Trx has been implicated in the redox regulationof immunological responses and shown to be deficient in tissuesfrom AIDS patients. In studies presented here, plasma Trx levelswere measured by ELISA in plasma samples from HIV-infected individuals(n = 136) and HIV-negative controls (n = 47). To account forthe release of Trx into plasma due to hemolysis, the Trx measurementswere corrected according to the level of hemoglobin in the plasmasample. Data presented show that, in contrast to tissue Trxlevels, corrected plasma Trx levels are significantly higherin HIV-infected individuals than in controls (P < 0.0001).Furthermore, {small tilde}25% of the HIV-infected individualsstudied have plasma Trx levels greater than the highest levelfound in controls (37 ng/ml). Detailed multiparameter FACS analysisof peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the infectedindividuals demonstrates that those with higher plasma Trx levels(37 ng/ml or greater) tend to have lower overall CD4 counts.In addition, increases in plasma Trx levels correlate with decreasesin monochlorobimane staining (indicative of lower intracellularglutathione levels in PBMC) and with changes in surface antigenexpression (CD62L, CD38 and CD20) that occur in the later stagesof HIV infection. These correlations suggest that elevationof plasma Trx levels may be an important component of advancedHIV disease, perhaps related to the oxidative stress that oftenoccurs at this stage. 相似文献
27.
Mario R. Angi Maurizio Clementi Cristina Sardei Ettore Piattelli Cesare Bisantis 《Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie》1993,231(10):580-585
The existence of a visual feedback control of eye growth in humans is controversal, as the contributions of genetic and environmental factors are still unknown. To evaluate the heritability of refractive defects, we measured ocular refraction in 19 monozygote and 20 dizygote twin pairs (mean age 5 years). Monozygosity was ascertained by a common chorion, similarity of somatic traits, and identical dermatogliphes and was confirmed in myopes by blood marker diagnosis. Ocular refractive defects and axial length were evaluated by eye-loplegic autorefractometry and biometry. By comparing identical and fraternal twins heritability of refractive defects was estimated to be 0.08–0.14; this low value indicates that the observed variability in refractive errors is nongenetic in origin. Three monozygote pairs were anisomyopic; differences between eyes in identical twins were related to the increased axial length of myopic eyes. In one eye, myopia was attributed to visual deprivation induced by a congenital cataract, while in five eyes it was correlated directly to the degree of astigmatic defects. The discordant axial length observed in monozygote twins is nongenetic. In agreement with previous findings reported in the literature, it is proposed that visual impoverishment of retinal images may play an early regulatory role in postnatal eye growth.Deceased 相似文献
28.
Luca Busetto Claudia Pisent Gianni Segato Francesco De Marchi Franco Favretti Mario Lise Giuliano Enzi 《Obesity surgery》1997,7(6):505-512
Objective: To evaluate the effects of a new timing strategy of band adjustment on the short-term outcome of obese women operated
with adjustable silicone gastric banding. Subjects: The outcome of 30 women without binge-eating disorder operated with laparoscopic
adjustable silicone gastric banding with a wider intraoperatory band calibration (LAP-BAND) was compared to that of 30 body
mass index-matched women without binge-eating disorder previously operated with adjustable silicone gastric banding (ASGB)
applied by laparotomy with the usual intraoperatory band calibration. The patients were evaluated 3, 6 and 12 months after
surgery. Measurements: (1) weight loss; (2) total daily energy intake; (3) percent as liquid, soft or solid food; (4) vomiting
frequency; (5) rate of postoperative percutaneous band adjustments; (6) rate of band-related complications. Results: Both
the weight loss and the daily energy intake did not differ between patients with LAP-BAND and patients with ASGB. After surgery,
the patients with LAP-BAND ate more solid food and less liquid food than the patients with ASGB. Vomiting frequency was higher
in patients with ASGB than in patients with LAP-BAND. The total number of percutaneous band adjustments was higher in women
with LAP-BAND than in women with ASGB. Band inflation because of weight stabilization was performed in six (20.0%) women with
ASGB and in 19 (63.3%) women with LAP-BAND. Neostoma stenosis occurred in one women with ASGB, but in none of the women with
LAP-BAND. One patient with LAP-BAND presented band slippage. Conclusions: The wider intraoperatory band calibration performed
in patients with LAP-BAND did not reduce the short-term efficacy of adjustable silicone gastric banding. This new timing strategy
of band adjustment required more postoperative percutaneous band inflations, but it improved the eating pattern of the patients
(low vomiting frequency and high intake of solid food). 相似文献
29.
This study explored the inflammatory mechanism of toxicity of hemoglobin solutions (Hb-S). Human monocytes and mouse activated peritoneal macrophages were incubated with seven different solutions. The first four consisted of non-cross-linked bovine Hb. Of these, Hb-SI was incompletely purified of stromal phospholipids, Hb-SII was contaminated with environmental bacterial endotoxins, Hb-SIII was pure hemoglobin, and Hb-SIV was pure Hb with the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and mannitol (M). The other three solutions were made of pure bovine Hb cross-linked with different agents: Hb-SV, reacted with glutaraldehyde; Hb-SVI reacted with bis-3,5-dibromosalicyl fumarate (DBSF); and Hb-SVII reacted with a ring-opened dialdehyde derivative of 5'(pyro)-phosphate of adenosine (ATP) (o-ATP). The reaction of monocytes and macrophages was studied in terms of (a) O2-derived radicals, as determined by the measurement of H2O2 and lipid peroxides; (b) complement factor C3a desArg; (c) 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (stable metabolite of prostacyclin); and (d) TxB2 (stable metabolite of thromboxane) released into the culture supernatants. The most significant reactions were obtained with the solutions contaminated with stromal phospholipids or bacterial endotoxins. Pure Hb was less reactive. Further reduction in proinflammatory activity was achieved by the addition of oxygen radical-scavengers (SOD, CAT, and M), or by the cross-linking of Hb with DBSF or o-ATP. 相似文献
30.
Maria P. Panozzo Carlo Fabris Daniela Basso Giuseppe Del Favero Aldo Infantino Attilio Cecchetto Mario Plebani Remo Naccarato 《Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology》1993,20(3):185-191
1. The authors investigated the effect of two extrahepatic cholestasis models (one by bile duct ligation and the other by choledocho-jugular fistula) on the hepatic clearance of horseradish peroxidase in male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups. 2. In groups A (n = 5 rats) and B (n = 5), bile duct ligation was performed, while a choledocho-jugular fistula was created in groups C (n = 5) and D (n= 7). A 10 mg intravenous bolus of horseradish peroxidase was injected after 24 h (groups A and C), 48 h (groups B and D) or 1 h (Group E; five sham-operated rats). Serum and bile samples were then serially collected for 2 h. 3. In all groups, serum horseradish peroxidase levels increased soon after injection and then rapidly decreased, the curves being similar. Biliary excretion increased for 30 min and then slowly decreased. The highest horseradish peroxidase biliary concentrations and outputs were found in Group B followed by Group A; both groups had significantly higher levels than Group E. No difference was found between horseradish peroxidase biliary excretion of groups C and D and that of sham-operated rats. 4. When each group was considered separately, sampling times correlated with the corresponding ratios of bile/ plasma HRP. Significant differences were found between the relative slopes of groups A, B and E, but not between those of groups C, D and E. 5. In conclusion, bile duct obstruction greatly affects the plasma-bile transfer of fluid phase markers, such as horseradish peroxidase, while single retention, caused by choledocho-jugular fistula, has no influence. The increased biliary hyperpressure related to the duration of cholestasis may account for the degree of horseradish peroxidase transfer which, in turn, probably depends on an enhanced paracellular passage. 相似文献