A reassessment of the peritoneal lavage leukocyte count in blunt abdominal trauma

Nine hundred and three patients undergoing diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) over a 6-year period were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the utility of the white blood cell (WBC) count in the lavage fluid. Eleven patients (1.2%) had dialysate WBC counts greater than 500/mm3, with erythrocyte counts less than 10(5)/mm3. Nine of these patients who were lavaged within 4 hours of injury had no intra-abdominal pathology. Two patients, lavaged after 4 hours, demonstrated intra-abdominal injury. Two hundred twenty-three patients (24.7%) had grossly clear dialysate which was not sent for laboratory analysis. None of these patients required laparotomy. We conclude that the WBC count in DPL fluid is of no diagnostic value in victims of blunt abdominal trauma who are lavaged within 4 hours of injury. In addition, laboratory analysis of clear dialysate is not required in these patients.     

Technetium-99-labelled methylene diphosphonate uptake scans in patients with dialysis arthropathy

Patients on long-term haemodialysis suffer from dialysis arthropathy due to the deposition of dialysis amyloid. We investigated the use of 99Tc-labelled methylene diphosphonate bone scans in 17 patients as a possible in vivo diagnostic technique. In most clinically affected joints, with the exception of shoulders and hands, there was increased radioisotope uptake consistent with uptake by periarticular bone. In addition, we describe intense soft-tissue uptake around some clinically affected large joints. In contrast, control groups of patients on haemodialysis without arthropathy and patients without renal failure did not have increased uptake. A semi-quantitative scale of uptake was devised, and the following correlations were significant: pain perception and isotope uptake score in the ankles and feet, and the number of radiological lesions and isotope uptake scores in the wrists and knees. The following sites where the radioisotope might bind in the affected joints are proposed: amyloid deposits, areas of soft-tissue calcification, or areas of increased bone turnover. It is concluded that whereas the scanning technique cannot make a definite diagnosis of amyloid and, therefore, cannot be expected to supersede histological diagnosis, it is a useful adjuvant investigation, of particular importance in those patients unable or unwilling to undergo biopsy.     

Asthma caused by cyanoacrylic glues

Cyanoacrylate-based glues have been reported as producing dermatitis and bronchial asthma. The paper describes the case of a patient occupationally exposed to Loctite 406, who developed irritation of the skin and mucosae of the face and late bronchial asthma. Preventive measures for subjects exposed to cyanoacrylic instant glues are discussed.     

Functional diagnosis of early arthroses of the extremities

Patient history and clinical examination are important for the diagnosis of degenerative joint disease. Here the typical statements of a patient suffering from early osteoarthritis are described and, as far as possible, explained. The joint in question must be systematically examined. Furthermore, the neighboring joints and soft-tissue structures, i.e., muscles, tendons etc., should be examined and evaluated with respect to their importance in hindering the functional chain. The neuroreflectory mechanisms involved herein are described.     

Head lice in Israeli children: parents' answers to an epidemiological questionnaire

BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine the influence of the socioeconomic status of the family and the hygienic practices in the home on the prevalence of head lice infestation in children. METHODS: The study was carried out by analyzing the answers to a standardized epidemiological questionnaire given to parents of school children aged 4-17 in Bet Shemesh, a medium-sized urban town 25 km from Jerusalem. RESULTS: Of 3,000 questionnaires distributed, 958 (31.9%) were completed and returned. The majority of the children (72.4%) had been previously infested with lice. Half of them had other family members, mainly brothers and sisters, who had been infested in the past with lice. In 97.5% of the families the mother was responsible for examining the children for lice, and for carrying out treatment when infestation was present. An association was found between presence of lice infestation and mother's education, age of child, and frequency of shampooing, combing, and examination for lice. There was no association between infestation rates and mother's country of origin, crowding in the home, and the sharing of combs, brushes, hats, scarves, towels, and clothes. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that the incidence of lice infestation depends on the hygienic practices in the home rather than on the socioeconomic status of the family or sharing of personal articles among family members.     

Regional effects of craniotomy on cerebral circulation and metabolism: PET study on the un-ruptured aneurysmal surgery

Regional effects of craniotomy on cerebral circulation and metabolism, such as regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral oxygen consumption (rCMRO2), regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were examined by a PET (positron emission tomography) study concerning surgery that was performed on unruptured aneurysm patients. Eight patients with intracranial un-ruptured aneurysms were studied pre- and post-operatively by the 15O labelled-gas steady-state method, using HEADTOME-III. All patients underwent aneurysmal surgery performed by the transsylvian approach. There was a significant increase in the mean OEF values taken from the whole-brains of 8 patients, but there was not a significant change in CBF, CMRO2 or CBV. The increase in OEF was caused by decrease of O2 content, which was caused by post-operative decrease in the Hb value. So, this OEF increase was not the direct effect of craniotomy. In 2 patients, the rCBF and rCMRO2, in the fronto-temporal region (where craniotomy was performed) increased post-operatively. This regional effect suggests transient reactive hyperemia following compressive ischemia during the operative procedure, and metabolic demands for recovery of brain function. In 2 other patients, who had relatively low rCBFs during the pre-operative study, rCBF and rCMRO2 in the bi-frontal region had decreased more at the post-operative study. This change appears to have been caused by removal of cerebrospinal fluid and depression of the frontal lobe. From this study, it becomes evident that the regional effect of craniotomy on cerebral circulation and metabolism is not so great, when adequate microsurgical techniques are used.     

Power Doppler sonography enhances visualization of orbital vessels.

Our study was intended to determine whether power Doppler sonography can be considered superior to color Doppler technique in depiction of normal orbital vasculature. Ten healthy volunteers (20 eyes) were examined with a 10 MHz linear probe; each orbital vessel was recorded with both color and power Doppler methods; the images were reviewed independently by all the observers, who agreed that power Doppler clearly is superior to color Doppler technique for evaluation of the anatomy of orbital arteries and veins.