Cognitive and neuroimaging predictors of instrumental activities of daily living.

Impaired ability to conduct daily activities is a diagnostic criterion for dementia and a determinant of healthcare services utilization and caregiver burden. What predicts decline in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is not well understood. This study examined measures of episodic memory, executive function, and MRI brain volumes in relation to baseline IADLs and as predictors of rate of IADL change. Participants were 124 elderly persons with cognitive function between normal and moderate dementia both with and without significant small vessel cerebrovascular disease. Random effects modeling showed that baseline memory and executive function (EXEC) were associated with baseline IADL scores, but only EXEC was independently associated with rate of change in IADLs. Whereas hippocampal and cortical gray matter volumes were significantly associated with baseline IADL scores, only hippocampal volume was associated with IADL change. In a model including cognitive and neuroimaging predictors, only EXEC independently predicted rate of decline in IADL scores. These findings indicate that greater executive dysfunction at initial assessment is associated with more rapid decline in IADLs. Perhaps executive function is particularly important with respect to maintaining IADLs. Alternatively, executive dysfunction may be a sentinel event indicating widespread cortical involvement and poor prognosis.     

Pretransplant survival is shorter in HIV-positive than HIV-negative subjects with end-stage liver disease.

Despite improved survival after liver transplantation (OLTX) in HIV-positive individuals treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), some transplant candidates do not survive to OLTX. To determine if pretransplant outcome is related to severity of liver disease and/or HIV infection, we prospectively evaluated 58 consecutive HIV-positive candidates seen at a single center from 1997-2002. Of the 58, 15 (25.9%) were transplanted, whereas 21 (36.2%) died before OLTX, a median one month of evaluation, with more than half of those (12 of 21, 57.1%) dying from infection. By contrast, of 1,359 HIV-negative candidates, 860 (63.3%) were transplanted, whereas 211 (15.5%) died before OLTX (P < 0.001). The cumulative survival following initial evaluation was significantly shorter among HIV-positive than HIV-negative candidates (880 vs. 1,427 days, P = 0.035, Breslow) but was not related to the initial pretransplant MELD score (16 vs. 15), INR (1.5 vs. 1.5), creatinine (1.3 vs. 1.3 mg/dL), or total bilirubin (6.6 vs. 5.7 mg/dL), respectively, all P > 0.05. Among untransplanted HIV-positive candidates, the 21 who died did not differ from the 22 surviving in initial MELD (15 vs. 13), CD4 (230 vs. 327/microL), HIV load (both < 400 copies/mL), HAART intolerance (10/21, 47.6% vs. 10/22, 45.4%), or HCV infection (16/21, 76.2% vs. 16/22, 72.3%), all P > 0.05. Further, the 21 did not differ from the 15 transplanted in pre-OLTX CD4, HIV load, or MELD score, all P > 0.05. In conclusion, pretransplant survival appears shorter in HIV-positive OLTX candidates and is unrelated to severity of liver or HIV disease. Further study is warranted to determine risk factors for poorer pretransplant outcomes.     

Effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the ultradistal radius: a population-based noninvasive in vivo assessment.

In a population-based cross-sectional study, we examined effects of sex and age on bone microstructure at the wrist using high-resolution 3-D pQCT. Compared with women, men had thicker trabeculae in young adulthood and had less microstructural damage with aging. These findings may contribute to the virtual immunity of men to age-related increases in wrist fractures. INTRODUCTION: Although changes in bone microstructure contribute to fracture risk independently of BMD, it has not heretofore been possible to assess this noninvasively in population-based studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used high-resolution 3-D pQCT imaging (voxel size, 89 mum) to define, in a random sample of women (n = 324) and men (n = 278) 21-97 years of age, sex and age effects on bone microstructure at the wrist. RESULTS: Relative to young women (age, 20-29 years), young men had greater trabecular bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV; by 26%, p = 0.001) and trabecular thickness (TbTh; by 28%, p < 0.001) but similar values for trabecular number (TbN) and trabecular separation (TbSp). Between ages 20 and 90 years, cross-sectional decreases in BV/TV were similar in women (-27%) and in men (-26%), but whereas women had significant decreases in TbN (-13%) and increases in TbSp (+24%), these parameters had little net change over life in men (+7% and -2% for TbN and TbSp, respectively; p < 0.001 versus women). However, TbTh decreased to a greater extent in men (-24%) than in women (-18%; p = 0.010 versus men). CONCLUSIONS: Whereas decreases with age in trabecular BV/TV are similar in men and women, the structural basis for the decrease in trabecular volume is quite different between the sexes. Thus, over life, women undergo loss of trabeculae with an increase in TbSp, whereas men begin young adult life with thicker trabeculae and primarily sustain trabecular thinning with no net change in TbN or TbSp. Because decreases in TbN have been shown to have a much greater impact on bone strength compared with decreases in TbTh, these findings may help explain the lower life-long risk of fractures in men, and specifically, their virtual immunity to age-related increases in distal forearm fractures.     

Organization of the callosal connections of visual areas V1 and V2 in the macaque monkey

The interhemispheric efferent and afferent connections of the V1/V2 border have been examined in the adult macaque monkey with the tracers horseradish peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. The V1/V2 border was found to have reciprocal connections with the contralateral visual area V1, as well as with three other cortical sites situated in the posterior bank of the lunate sulcus, the anterior bank of the lunate sulcus, and the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Within V1, callosal projecting cells were found mainly in layer 4B with a few cells in layer 3. Anterograde labeled terminals were restricted to layers 2, 3, 4B, and 5. In extrastriate cortex, retrograde labeled cells were in layers 2 and 3 and only very rarely in infragranular layers. In the posterior bank of the lunate sulcus, labeled terminals were scattered throughout all cortical layers except layers 1 and 4. In the anterior bank of the lunate sulcus and in the superior temporal sulcus, anterograde labeled terminals were largely focused in layer 4. Callosal connections in all contralateral regions were organized in a columnar fashion. Columnar organization of callosal connections was more apparent for anterograde labeled terminals than for retrograde labeled neurons. In the posterior bank of the lunate sulcus, columns of callosal connections were superimposed on regions of high cytochrome activity. The tangential extent of callosal connections in V1 and V2 was found to be influenced by eccentricity in the visual field. Callosal connections were denser in the region of V1 subserving foveal visual field than in cortex representing the periphery. In V1 subserving the fovea, callosal connections extended up to 2 mm from the V1/V2 border and only up to 1 mm in more peripheral located cortex. In area V2 subserving the fovea, cortical connections extended up to 8 mm from the V1/V2 border and only up to 3 mm in peripheral cortex.     

The role of computer tuition in community health: A grounded theory approach

This study describes the impact computer training has on the health outcomes of older adults at a community center and its implications for influencing computer training practices. Our objective is to understand and link this group's self-reports of their health arising from attending lessons to improve the content and delivery of computer tuition.     

Toward a VA women’s health research agenda: Setting evidence-based priorities to improve the health and health care of women veterans

The expansion of women in the military is reshaping the veteran population, with women now constituting the fastest growing segment of eligible VA health care users. In recognition of the changing demographics and special health care needs of women, the VA Office of Research & Development recently sponsored the first national VA Women’s Health Research Agenda-setting conference to map research priorities to the needs of women veterans and position VA as a national leader in Women’s Health Research. This paper summarizes the process and outcomes of this effort, outlining VA’s research priorities for biomedical, clinical, rehabilitation, and health services research.     

Nasal health in Down syndrome: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate peripheral nasal pathology as a contributor to olfactory impairment in DS. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty DS and 16 non-DS subjects were recruited. Nasal history and symptoms were assessed by self-report or informant. Olfactory threshold, odor identification, and nasal endoscopy were assessed on each subject. RESULTS: DS subjects were impaired on olfactory threshold (P<0.0001) and odor identification (P<0.001). Although DS subjects tended toward upper-respiratory infections, sleep-disordered breathing, and nasal itching, differences were not significant (P=0.07, 0.06, and 0.058, respectively). There were no significant differences on self-reported nasal history or symptoms. Endoscopy showed equivalent health in DS and control subjects. CONCLUSION: This DS population shows olfactory impairment. However, nasal health is comparable in DS subjects and controls. Nasal dysfunction is unlikely to contribute to olfactory impairment in DS. SIGNIFICANCE: Olfactory deficits in DS appear to be secondary to central, rather than rhinologic, pathology. EBM rating: B-2b.     

Masculinizing sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary during pregnancy

Sclerosing stromal cell tumors of the ovary are an uncommon neoplasm that usually does not produce hormonal imbalances. Most patients showing a hormonal effect from this lesion have had menstrual cycle disturbances. Infertility and endometrial hyperplasia have also been described. One other reported case had masculinizing effects. Other authors have documented elevated levels of both estrogenic and androgenic hormones that corrected after surgery. A case of a pregnant 27-year-old Caucasian with hirsutism on her chin and neck and a male suprapubic hair pattern is presented. Elevated androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and free testosterone levels were present. A 3-cm left ovarian mass was excised and identified as a sclerosing stromal tumor. The histologic features included a pseudolobular pattern with focal areas of sclerosis and a two-cell population of spindled and polygonal cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed a positive vimentin reaction, weakly positive desmin and muscle-specific actin stains, and a negative cytokeratin stain. Following surgery the hormone levels returned to normal and the hirsutism resolved. A normal female infant without evidence of masculinization was delivered from the patient at term.