Confidence limits for the population prevalence rate based on the negative binomial distribution

This paper shows that the extension of the simple procedure of George and Elston in calculation of confidence limits for the underlying prevalence rate to accommodate any finite number of cases in inverse sampling is straightforward. To appreciate the fact that the length of the confidence interval calculated on the basis of the first single case may be too wide for general utility, I include a quantitative discussion on the effect due to an increase in the number of cases requested in the sample on the expected length of confidence intervals. To facilitate further the application of the results presented in this paper, I present a table that summarizes in a variety of situations the minimum required number of cases for the ratio of the expected length of a confidence interval relative to the underlying prevalence rate to be less than or equal to a given value. I also include a discussion on the relation between Cleman'S confidence limits on the expected number of trials before the failure of a given device and those presented here.     

Multitest skin testing values of cell-mediated immunity among healthy individuals in Taiwan

The multitest CMI system, a disposable device that simultaneously applies seven standardized preloaded antigens and diluent control, is a major advance for measurement of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in assessment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The system was tested in 84 healthy volunteers, 42 in each sex, aged 4-62 years, to determine normal values for incidence and size of DTH responses to each of seven antigens. Incidence of positive responses to individual antigens varied from 84.5% to 11%, more than half of volunteers were reactive to Tuberculin, Candida and Diphtheria, and a third to Tetanus, Streptococcus and Tricophyton. 95.3% of volunteers to one or more antigens, and about two thirds to three or more. To better assess CMI, a two-part score based on 48-hour readings was employed. The mean number of positive antigens ranged between 2.2 and 3.3, the mean sum of their millimeter induration ranged between 10.8 and 18.2, the average sum of diameters were 16.7 mm in males and 15.2 mm in females. There was no statistic significance to sex and age during scoring, although there was somewhat higher in males, young and mature age groups. In our series, Tuberculin reaction is the highest one in this seven antigens, about 4.76% of volunteers are anergy. A statistical zone (95% confidence limits) of reduced DTH scores (hypoergy) was identified, it reveals sum of diameters less than 9mm in males and 7mm in females, number of positive antigens are less than 2 in each sex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

右心室不同部位起搏血液动力学改变的研究

目的：根据右心室不同部位起搏时血液动力学改变，研究选择置入右心室双部位起搏器辅助治疗心脏扩大合并充血性心力衰竭(CHF)，观察临床效果及心脏功能；方法：对13例在心内科住院的扩张型心肌病、缺血性心肌病、心动过速性心肌病所致心力衰竭的患者，男9侈4，女4侈4，年龄36岁～75岁(平均58．61岁)，心功能均在Ⅲ级～Ⅳ级(NYHA)，均有置入起搏器的适应证。术中通过Swan—ganz漂浮导管对右心室内不同部位起搏10分钟后测各部位的急性血液动力学改变，然后置入右心室双部位起搏器(右室流出道应用主动固定电极)。术后应用心电图、超声心动图观察右心室双部位起搏的血液动力学效果；结果：全组13例患者术中检查及置入右心室双部位起搏器均获成功。测得右心室流出道起搏(RV—OT)和右室心尖部(RVA) 右室流出道(RVOT)起搏时各参数均较单纯右室心尖部(RVA)为好。置入心脏起搏器后观察射血分数从0．31提高至0．39，左室充盈时间延长，二尖瓣返流量减少，心脏缩小，心脏功能平均提高Ⅱ级。其中一例心功能由Ⅳ级提高至I级～Ⅱ级；结论：初步血液动力学观察提示，右心室双部位起搏能改善充血性心力衰竭患者的心功能。     

PBT／PC共混体系流变性能与形态结构研究

采用毛细管流交仪测定了ＰＢＴ／ＰＣ共混物的表观粘度、剪切应力，观察了不同共混物组成和不同温度下共混物的流变行为，并借助扫描电镜对共混物和微观形态结构进行分析。结果表明：ＰＢＴ／ＰＣ熔体共混物的流变行为接近假塑性流体．温度对共混物的流变行为影响很大，共混物的熔体粘度在ＰＢＴ／ＰＣ为９０／１０和６０／４０时呈双极值．共混物为两相结构，ＰＣ含量为４－５０％时呈两互锁结构。     

Severe constrictive pericarditis as an unsuspected cause of death in a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome and restrictive cardiomyopathy

A 43-year-old man with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome survived a relatively long term (6 1/2 years) before he succumbed to intractable heart failure. Six months before death, his chronic heart failure from restrictive cardiomyopathy was well compensated. Autopsy demonstrated severe constrictive pericarditis which was not suspected antemortem. Constrictive pericarditis as a late complication of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is discussed.     

Aortic dissection without intimal rupture: diagnosis and management.

A 59-year-old man had symptoms of aortic dissection. Computed tomography and angiography showed a large intramural hematoma of the ascending and descending aorta without intimal defect or false lumen. The hematoma resolved completely within 7 weeks with medical treatment. His symptoms recurred 6 months later. Computed tomography and angiography demonstrated a type B dissection with a false lumen and an intimal defect. This case illustrated the progressive nature of aortic dissection without intimal rupture. The diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options are discussed.     

Stimulation of inositol phosphate formation in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium.

Several hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides were screened for the ability to stimulate inositol phosphate formation in cultured human retinal epithelial (RPE) cells. Carbachol, vasopressin and thrombin were found to be effective. Treatment of RPE cells with all three agents produced increases in inositol monophosphate, inositol bisphosphate and inositol trisphosphate in the presence of 10 mM LiCl. Carbachol stimulated a 4-fold increase in the total of inositol phosphates at 1 mM. Studies with cholinergic antagonists showed a rank order of 4 DAMP greater than QNX greater than pirenzepine greater than methoctramine, suggesting the presence of M3 muscarinic receptors. Vasopressin gave a 2.5-fold stimulation at 10 microM. Agonists of vasopressin were also tested and gave differential responses. Studies using a V1 agonist (PIOVP) and a V2 agonist (DAVP) showed DAVP matching the level of stimulation elicited by vasopressin whereas treatment with PIOVP only reached 50% of the vasopressin response. These data suggested the presence of V2 receptors in the RPE cells. Several proteases were tested for their ability to stimulate RPE inositol phosphates. Thrombin caused a 7-fold increase in inositol phosphate formation at 1 U/ml, whereas trypsin and plasmin elicited smaller responses (approximately 2-fold). The thrombin effect was blocked by the thrombin-specific inhibitor, hirudin, but not by other protease inhibitors. Several mediators of inflammation such as bradykinin, histamine and serotonin were also tested, and they were ineffective in stimulating inositol phosphate turnover in the RPE cells.     

Arthroscopic tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) arthrodesis

We describe an arthroscopic approach of tarsometatarsal arthrodesis for post-traumatic arthritis. Five tarsometatarsal portals (medial, P1–2, P2–3, P3–4, P4–5) are identified at the junctional points between the metatarsals by means of image intensifier. The first metatarsocuneiform joint is approached through the medial and P1–2 portal. Articular cartilage is denuded and micro-fracture of subchondral bone is performed with an arthroscopic awl. The second metatarsocuneiform joint is approached through the P1–2 and P2–3 portals and the third metatarsocuneiform joint is approached through the P2–3 and P3–4 portals. The articular surfaces are prepared for arthrodesis. The articulations are kept in desired position and transfixed with 4.0 mm cannulated screws. The fourth and fifth metatarsocuboid articulations are rarely included in the procedure. Arthroscopic arthrodesis or tendon arthroplasty of the lateral column can be performed through the P3–4 and P4–5 portals.     

Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis due to Streptococcus constellatus infection.

Adult septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) due to Streptococcus constellatus infection has not been reported. We report a case of CST due to S. constellatus in a 39-year-old man who had typical presentations of septic CST including headache, fever, and ophthalmoplegia, with an evolving course for 10 days before he was sent to our emergency room. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study revealed CST, which was confirmed by cerebral angiography study. Multiple positive blood cultures grew viridans streptococci and further species identification with conventional methods, API-20 STREPT system analysis, and polymerase chain reaction sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA revealed S. constellatus. The presence of sphenoid sinusitis in this patient was also demonstrated by cranial MRI study, and the presence of meningitis by meningeal irritation signs and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. Chronic alcohol consumption for more than 10 years was the only predisposing condition to this infection. He had a full recovery after 6 weeks of intravenous penicillin G therapy (24 x 10(6) U/day). Almost complete regression of cavernous sinus lesion and resolution of sphenoid sinusitis were shown on follow-up cranial MRI study about 6 months later.