病历精细化管理与效果分析

目的探讨以＂专项检查＂为突破口进行病历精细化管理的现实意义与效果。方法将病历分解为多个专项,每月对所有科室进行相同专项的检查,辅以部分科室抽查整份病历的方式,将检查结果量化,将量化指标与科室绩效挂钩,强调科室质控。结果全院病历优级率普遍上升,问题点发生率均逐渐下降,＂拷贝式书写造成原则性错误＂是造成良级病历的首位原因（41%）,对优级率低于90%的科室批评和处罚,科室/病区之间良性竞争,科室质控发挥作用。结论实行以＂专项检查＂为突破口的病历精细化管理是提高病历质量的有效手段。     

美沙酮维持治疗依从性与社会支持相关性分析

目的了解美沙酮维持治疗依从性与社会支持的关系,为建立提高美沙酮维持治疗依从性的社会支持系统提供科学依据。方法采用Morisky服药依从性问卷和肖水源社会支持评定量表（SSRS）,调查分析美沙酮维持治疗依从性与社会支持的关系。结果246例受治者中,27．64％有忘记服药的经历,2．85％不重视服药,24．80％自觉症状改善后停药,12．60％出现副作用后停药,53．66％的受治者在治疗期间偶尔间断或经常间断服药;不同美沙酮维持治疗依从性对象的社会支持得分比较,是否忘记服药、美沙酮治疗间断情形之间的主观支持得分和社会支持总分差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论美沙酮维持治疗者的依从性较差;良好的社会支持特别是主观社会支持可提高美沙酮受治者依从性。     

六安市2008～2012年城区生活饮用水监测结果分析

目的了解六安市城区生活饮用水卫生状况,为改进市政供水卫生质量和卫生监督工作提供科学依据。方法按国家标准对水样进行采集、检测和评价,对六安市城区2008~2012年生活饮用水进行抽样监测,共采集水样697份,分别对感官性状、一般化学指标、毒理学指标、微生物指标和消毒剂指标进行检测。结果六安市2008~2012年城区生活饮用水水质合格率分别为81.06%、88.64%、91.08%、93.45%、99.07%;主要不合格指标是浑浊度、硝酸盐氮、游离余氯、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群等;丰水期与枯水期水质合格率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.325,P〉0.05）;新水厂与老水厂水质合格率分别为95.90%和87.64%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.633,P〈0.01）。结论六安市城区生活饮用水卫生状况趋于良好,但有部分指标超标,饮用水水质存在一定卫生安全隐患,应加强对供水单位的监督管理。     

Role of surgery in the treatment of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma who have a poor response to induction chemotherapy

Background

In instances of high-risk neuroblastoma that do not show a clinical response to induction therapy, whether it is worth performing surgical resection or not and whether gross total resection (GTR) is more important than subtotal resection (STR) remain controversial.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma aged 18 months or older at diagnosis. Primary tumor volumes were measured both at diagnosis and at the first tumor response evaluation (after 6 cycles of induction chemotherapy). If the tumor volume at the first response evaluation was > 50% of the initial tumor volume, the patient was categorized as a poor responder. Otherwise, the patient was categorized as a good responder. Only poor responders were included. Patients were evaluated for event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and complications of surgery based on extent of surgical intervention.

Results

Sixty-five patients were included in this study. The 41 patients who underwent surgical intervention had a higher 3-year OS than the 24 patients who had a biopsy only (55.4% ± 8.1% vs. 31.3% ± 10.2%, P = 0.02). However, there was limited improvement in 3-year EFS following surgical intervention. Three-year EFS rates of BX group (biopsy only) and OP group (surgical resection) were 24.2% ± 9.3% and 37.7% ± 7.9%, respectively (P = 0.063). The extent of resection had no impact on 3-year OS (P = 0.631) and 3-year EFS (P = 0.796). Patients in the GTR group trended to have more severe surgical complications than patients in the STR group (P = 0.105).

Conclusions

For high-risk neuroblastomas that do not show a clinical response to induction therapy, surgical resection is important in predicting outcome, but the extent of resection is not.     

阿尔茨海默病药物治疗临床证据评价

目的评价阿尔茨海默病不同药物治疗方案之疗效和不良反应,从循证医学角度为制定最佳治疗方案提供依据。方法分别以阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease)、多奈哌齐(donepezil)、卡巴拉汀(rivastigmine)、加兰他敏(galantamine)、美金刚(memantine)、罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)等中英文词组为检索词,检索美国国立医学图书馆(PubMed)、英国Cochrane图书馆、万方数据知识服务平台学术期刊库和中国知网中国期刊全文数据库并辅助手工检索,获得阿尔茨海默病药物治疗相关系统评价、随机对照试验、临床对照试验和病例观察研究,采用Jadad量表对文献质量进行评价。结果经筛选共纳入阿尔茨海默病药物治疗相关文献33篇(系统评价14篇、随机对照临床试验14篇、临床对照试验4篇、病例观察研究1篇)。其中28篇为高质量文献,评分分别为4分(12篇)、5分(10篇)和7分(6篇);5篇为低质量文献,评分为3分。药物疗效及安全性评价显示:(1)阿尔茨海默病药物治疗以症状性治疗为主,多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀、加兰他敏、美金刚均能改善患者认知功能,且安全性和耐受性良好,但不能影响疾病之病理进程。(2)疾病调节药物可以影响疾病潜在的病理生理学进程,已作为新型药物进入临床试验,为促进治疗方式的转变和更好地改善患者预后提供了线索。结论借助循证医学方法可以为阿尔茨海默病药物治疗提供最佳临床证据。     

替吉奥单药治疗初治老年晚期胃癌的临床观察

目的探讨替吉奥单药化疗对于初治老年晚期胃癌患者的临床疗效和毒副反应。方法自2012年1月—2014年6月共34例老年晚期胃癌的初治患者进入本组分析,予以替吉奥单药方案化疗。结果全组34例患者均接受两周期以上的替吉奥单药化疗,中位生存期为8.2个月,临床受益率达47%。主要毒副反应表现为骨髓抑制和胃肠道反应。结论对于初治老年晚期胃癌予以替吉奥单药方案化疗,依从性好,安全有效,不良反应可耐受,改善患者生活质量,值得临床进一步应用和推广。     

Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of amphotericin B

This study describes the properties of an amphotericin B-containing mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), with the intent to maximize uptake within the gastrointestinal tract. We have reported previously that lipid nanoparticles can significantly improve the oral bioavailability of amphotericin B (AmpB). On the other hand, the aggregation state of AmpB within the NLC has been ascribed to some of the side effects resulting from IV administration. In the undissolved state, AmpB (UAmpB) exhibited the safer monomeric conformation in contrast to AmpB in the dissolved state (DAmpB), which was aggregated. Chitosan-coated NLC (ChiAmpB NLC) presented a slightly slower AmpB release profile as compared to the uncoated formulation, achieving 26.1% release in 5?hours. Furthermore, the ChiAmpB NLC formulation appeared to prevent the expulsion of AmpB upon exposure to simulated gastrointestinal pH media, whereby up to 63.9% of AmpB was retained in the NLC compared to 56.1% in the uncoated formulation. The ChiAmpB NLC demonstrated mucoadhesive properties in pH 5.8 and 6.8. Thus, the ChiAmpB NLC formulation is well-primed for pharmacokinetic studies to investigate whether delayed gastrointestinal transit may be exploited to improve the systemic bioavailability of AmpB, whilst simultaneously addressing the side-effect concerns of AmpB.     

NONMEM法优化替考拉宁专家共识中肾功能不全时的治疗方案

目的 探讨不同肾功能状态下替考拉宁治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的合理剂量,优化专家共识的给药方案。方法 采用非线性混合效应模型NONMEM工具进行蒙特卡洛模拟,以药时曲线下面积AUC_0-24/最低抑菌浓度≥345和首剂维持剂量时谷浓度>30 mg·L^-1作为达标条件,模拟3种体质量、5种肌酐清除率下的替考拉宁的达标概率和累计反应百分率。结果 发现专家共识中推荐的6~12 mg·kg^-1在不同肾功能状态下的负荷剂量从9.2 mg·kg^-1增至11.1 mg·kg^-1,差别最大1.9 mg·kg^-1。结论 蒙特卡洛模拟结果提示替考拉宁的专家共识推荐的给药方案需要进一步明确。