Comparison of gene expression profiles in core biopsies and corresponding surgical breast cancer samples

Introduction  

Gene expression profiling has been successfully used to classify breast cancer into clinically distinct subtypes, and to predict the risk of recurrence and treatment response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the gene expression profile (GEP) detected in a core biopsy (CB) is representative for the entire tumor, since CB is an important tool in breast cancer diagnosis. Moreover, we investigated whether performing CBs prior to the surgical excision could influence the GEP of the respective tumor.     

人体1型糖尿病中的关键免疫细胞

1型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞被破坏与胰岛自身反应性T细胞之间的直接联系从未被证明,对诊断后的疾病进程也所知无几.最近美国科学家的研究第一次对此有了直接的证据.冷冻胰腺样本来自病程在1周到超过50年的45例死亡患者的遗体捐赠,14例非糖尿病患者对照样本,5例有自身抗体的非糖尿病患者样本,2例孕期糖尿病患者样本,以及6例2型糖尿病患者样本.系统检查样本的组织切片是否存在有足够胰岛素的β细胞、CD8阳性的胰岛病变和1型HLA过度表达.最后,对表达HLA-A2的样本的连续切片用四聚体染色法针对6种已知确定的与1型糖尿病有关的胰岛自身抗原进行CD8 T细胞反应性检查.在临床确诊后最长达8年的分组患者胰岛样本中单一和多种CD8 T细胞反应性都检测到了.1型糖尿病特有的1型HLA过度表达和胰岛炎等病理特征存在于一小部分病程很长的患者中.在受影响的器官中.胰岛病变持续存在,表现为不同程度的浸润和β细胞丢失.该研究为人体胰岛自身反应性提供了第一个直接证据并强调了发病历程的异质性和长期性.     

PREPARING THE MALE URETHRA FOR TRANSURETHRAL PROCEDURES

SUMMARY The antiseptic and analgesic effectiveness of different preparations of lignocaine gel used prior to flexible cystoscopy were studied in patients recruited over a 12-month period. This random study involved 106 patients in four groups. There appeared to be no difference in bacterial colonisation of the urethra between the groups. Urethral analgesia was improved when higher volumes of gel were used. It was concluded that high-volume gel preparations (>20 ml) with no antiseptic provided optimal conditions for flexible cystoscopy.